Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Susceptibility of the legume flower thrips to Metarhizium anisopliae on different varieties of cowpea

  • Published:
BioControl Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The susceptibility of Megalurothrips sjostedtito Metarhizium anisopliae when reared on susceptible, tolerant, and moderately resistant varieties of cowpea at different constant temperatures was evaluated in the laboratory. Insects were exposed either to direct spray of the conidia or to fungus-treated floral tissues. Mortality was significantly higher on the moderately resistant variety at all temperatures compared to the susceptible and tolerant varieties. Correspondingly, lethal time and lethal concentration values were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, on the moderately resistant variety compared to the other varieties, thus indicating that the two control methods are compatible as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Thrips raised on the tolerant variety incurred an exceptionally low level of mortality when the inoculum was sprayed directly on the insects or when the insects were exposed tofungus-treated floral tissues. Observations on the effects of airborne volatiles and crude extracts of this variety revealed an inhibitory effect on fungal germination, colony forming units and growth. This suggests the existence of anti-fungal substances in the tolerant variety.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott, W.S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J.Econ. Entomol. 18: 265–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, D.J., 1983. The Pathology of Tropical Food Legumes: Disease Resistance in Crop Improvement. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, G., 1987. Environment. In: J.R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada (eds), Epizootiology of Fungal Diseases. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 177–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bong, C.F.J., P.P. Sikorowski and F.M. Davis, 1991. Effect of a resistant maize genotype and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus on growth and development of the Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ.Entomol. 20: 1200–1206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgerjon, A., 1956. Pulvérisation et poudrage au laboratoire par des préparations pathogènes insecticides. Ann.Epiphytol. 4: 677–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butt, T.M. and M. Brownbridge, 1997. Fungal pathogens of thrips. In: T. Lewis (ed), Thrips as Crop Pests. CAB International, Wallingford. pp. 399–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnovale, E., L. Marietta, E. Marconi and E. Brosio, 1990. Nutritional and hydration properties in cowpea. In: N.Q. Ng and L.M. Monti (eds), Cowpea Genetic Resources. Amarin Printing, Thailand. pp. 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, R.I. and R.S. Soper, 1987. Fungal diseases. In: J.R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada (eds), Epizootiology of Fungal Diseases. John Wiley, New York. pp. 357–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffey, S.S. and K.A. Bloem, 1986. Plant defense-herbivore-parasite interactions and biological control. In:M. Kogan (ed), Ecological Theory and Pest Management Practice. Wiley, New York. pp. 135–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi, S., N.K. Maniania, I. Onu and B. Lohr, 1998a. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi (Hyphomycetes) to the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidac). J.Appl.Entomol. 122: 629–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi, S., N.K. Maniania and I. Onu, 1998b. Antibiosis and antixenosis of two cowpea varieties to the legume flower thrips. Afric.Crop Sci.J. 6: 49–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi, S., N.K. Maniania and K. Ampong-Nyarko, 1999. Effect of temperature on germination, radial growth and virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana on Megalurothrips sjostedti. Biocontrol Sci.Technol. 9: 177–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felton, G.W., S.S. Duffey, P.V. Vail, H.K. Kaya and J. Manning, 1987. Interaction of nuclear polyhedrosis virus with catechols: potential incompatibility for host-plant resistance against noctuid larvae. J.Chem.Ecol. 13: 947–957.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferron, P., 1978. Biological control of insect pests by entomogenous fungi. Annu.Rev. Entomol. 23: 409–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, D. 1992. Effect of plant variation on herbivore-natural enemy interactions. In: S.R. Fritz and E.L. Sims (eds), Plant Resistance and Diseases: Ecology, Evolution and Genetics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp. 278–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, D.J. and T.G. Andreadis, 1983. Variation in the susceptibility of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) when reared on different host plants to the fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana in the field and laboratory. Environ.Entomol. 12: 1892–1897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackai, L.E.N. and C.B. Adalla, 1997. Pest management practices in cowpea: a review. In: B.B. Singh, D.R. Mohan-Raj, K.E. Dashiell and L.E.N. Jackai (eds), Advances in Cowpea Research. Sayce Publishing, Devon. pp. 240–258.

  • Jackai, L.E.N. and R.A. Daoust, 1986. Insect pests of cowpeas. Annu.Rev.Entomol. 31: 95–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lattanzio, V., V. Linsalata, G. Maruca, R. Marullo, B.B. Singh, S.R. Singh and P. Perrino, 1990. Pre-existing phenols and resistance to aphid in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). In: N.Q. Ng and L.M. Monti (eds), Cowpea Genetic Resources. Amarin Printing, Thailand. pp. 128–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lattanzio, V., V. Linsalata, A. Cardinalli, D. Di Venere, C. Cariddi, R.Marullo, G.Maruca and P. Perrino, 1992. Endogeneous flavonoids and resistance to aphids in Vigna unguiculata lines. Groupe Polyphenols 16: 275–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lwande, W., P.G. McDowell, H. Amiani and P. Amoke, 1989. Analysis of airborne volatiles of cowpea. Phytochemistry 28: 421–423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maniania N.K., 1994. A laboratory technique for infecting adult tsetse with fungal pathogen. Insect Sci.Appl. 15: 421–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniania, N.K., K.N. Saxena and A. Odulaja, 1998. Influence of sorghum host plant cultivars on the activity of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. against Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Insect Sci.Appl. 18: 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meade, T. and D. Hare, 1994. Effect of genetic and environmental host plant variation on the susceptibility of two noctuids to Bacillus thuringiensis. Entomol.Exp.Appl. 70: 165–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pare, P.W., J. Zajicek, V.L. Ferracini and I.S. Melo, 1993. Antifungal terpenoids from Chenopodium ambrosiodes. Biochem.System.Ecol. 21: 61–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parella, P.M. and T. Lewis, 1997. Integrated pest management (IPM) in field crops. In: T. Lewis (ed), Thrips as Crop Pests. CAB International, Wallingford. pp. 599–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak, R. S and J.C. Olela, 1986. Registration of 14 cowpea cultivars. Crop Sci. 26: 647–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramoska, W.A. and T. Todd, 1985. Variation in efficacy and viability of Beauveria bassiana in the Chinch bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) as a result of feeding activity on selected host plants. Environ.Entomol. 14: 146–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, D.P., A.C. Messer, S. Greenberg, H.H. Hagedorn and J. Meinwald, 1989. Defensive sesquiterpenoids from a dipterocarp (Dipterocarpus kerri). J.Chem.Ecol. 15: 731–747.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, A.N. and R.B. Sharma, 1982. Effect of Vigna mango L. seed-coat-leachate oil on fungal growth. Phytopathol.Medit. 21: 31–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute, 1990. SAS/STAT User's Guide. Version 6, Fourth Edition, Volume 2. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S.R. and D.J. Allen, 1980. Pest, diseases, resistance and protection in cowpeas. In: R.J. Summerfield and A.H. Bunting (eds), Advances in Legume Sciences. Royal Botanic Gardens and Fisheries, Kew, MAFF, London. pp. 419–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.M., 1989. Plant Resistance to Insects: A Fundamental Approach. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.A., 1982. Toxicity of Phytoalexins. In: J.A. Bailey and J.W. Mansfield (eds), Phytoalexins. Blackie and Sons, Glasgow and London. pp. 218–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.A. and J.L. Ingham, 1980. Legumes, fungal pathogens, and phytoalexins. In: R.J. Sumrnerfield and A.H. Bunting (eds), Advances in Legume Science. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, MAFF, London. pp. 207–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Emden, H.F. 1987. Cultural control: the plant. In: A.J. Burn, T.H. Coaker and P.C. Jepson (eds), Integrated Pest Management. Academic Press, New York. pp. 27–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega, F.E., P.F. Dowd, M.R. McGuire, M.A. Jackson and T.C. Nelsen, 1997. In vitro effects of secondary plant compounds on germination of blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosroseus (Deuteromycetes: Hyphomycetes). J.Invert.Pathol. 70: 209–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The International of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya

    S. Ekesi & W. Lwande

  2. The International of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya (author for correspondence)

    N.K. Maniania

Authors
  1. S. Ekesi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N.K. Maniania
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. Lwande
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ekesi, S., Maniania, N. & Lwande, W. Susceptibility of the legume flower thrips to Metarhizium anisopliae on different varieties of cowpea. BioControl 45, 79–95 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009927302916

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009927302916

Search

Navigation