Abstract
On the basis of distribution maps showing the first pollen occurrences in the Holocene of the well-known climate indicators Hedera, Ilex and Viscum as well as data for Corylus, a series of maps have been prepared that show summer and winter isotherms at various time intervals during the Holocene. From these maps climate curves for Amsterdam, the Netherlands have been set out. These were compared with curves for the Eemian at the same site. In both of these warm periods there is evidence for increased seasonality in the early phases which were relatively continental. Changes in insolation could account for such differences. Summer optima occurred earlier than winter optima. Changes in land-sea distribution are important, especially with regard to the patterns in winter climate. During the latter half of the Eemian, the climate was distinctly more oceanic than in the Holocene. Early in the Holocene, an influx of warm ocean water resulted in higher winter temperatures in the Gulf of Biscay, the Irish Sea, and areas east of Skagerrak-Kattegat. Temperature decline after the climatic optimum was greatest in the north, i.e. at 60°N, where a depression in the order of 2°C in summer and 2–3°C in winter occurred. Temperature decline was less farther south, i.e. at ca. 50°N, where a distinct west-east gradient in temperature change can be observed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ammann B (1989a) Late-Quaternary palynology at Lobsigensee. Diss Bot 137: 1–157
Ammann B (1989b) Response times in bio- and isotope-stratigraphies to Late-Glacial climatic shifts — an example from lake deposits. Eclogae Geol Helv 82(1): 183–190
Ammann B, Lotter AF (1988) Late-glacial radiocarbon- and palynostratigraphy on the Swiss Plateau. Boreas 18: 108–126
Andersen A (1954) Two standard pollen diagrams from south Jutland. Dan Geol Unders, Series II, 80: 188–209
Andersson G (1902) Hasseln i Sverige, fordom och nu [Hazel in Sweden, past and present]. Sveriges Geol Unders, Series. Ca. 3: 1–168
Averdieck FR (1971) Zur postglazialen Geschichte der Eibe (Taxus baccata L.) in Nordwestdeutschland. Flora 160: 28–42
Averdieck FR (1978) Palynologischer Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Grossen Plöner Sees und der Vegetation seiner Umgebung. Archiv Hydrobiol 83: 1–46.
Averdieck FR, Willkomm H (1972) Alterbestimmungen an Sedimenten des Grossen Segeberger Sees. Schrift Naturwiss Ver Schleswig-Holstein 42: 47–57
Balaga K (1982) Vegetational history of the Lake Lukcze environment (Lublin Polesie, E. Poland) during the late-glacial and Holocene. Acta Palaeobot 22: 7–22
Becker B, Kromer B, Trimborn P (1991) A stable-isotope tree-ring time scale of the Late glacial/Holocene boundary. Nature 353: 647–649
Behre KE (1966) Untersuchungen zur spätglazialen und frühpostglazialen Vegetationsgeschichte Ostfrieslands. Eiszeitalter Geg 17: 60–84
Behre KE (1967) The Late glacial and Early Postglacial History of Vegetation and Climate in Northwestern Germany. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 4: 149–161
Behre KE (1978) Die Klimaschwankungen im europäischen Präboreal. Petermanns Geogr Mitt 2/78: 97–102
Behre KE, Menke B (1969) Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen an einem Bohrkern der südlichen Doggerbank. Beitr Meereskunde 24/25: 122–129
Bennett KD (1983) Devensian Late-Glacial and Flandrian vegetational history at Hockham Mere, Norfolk, England. I. New Phytol 95: 457–487
Bennett KD (1986) Competitive interaction among forest tree populations in Norfolk, England, during the last 10 000 years. New Phytol 103: 603–620
Bennett KD (1988) Holocene pollen stratigraphy of Central East Anglia, England, and comparison of pollen zones across the British Isles. New Phytol: 109, 237–253
Berglund B (1966) Late-Quaternary vegetation in eastern Blekinge, south-eastern Sweden. A pollenanalytical study. I. Late glacial time II. Postglacial time. Publication Institute of Mineralogy, Palaeontology, Quaternary Geology, University Lund 134: 1–180; 135: 1–190
Beug HJ (1976) Die spätglaziale und frühpostglaziale Vegetationsgeschichte im Gebiet des ehemaligen Rosenheimer Sees (Oberbayern). Bot Jahrb System 95: 373–400
Bińka K, Cieśla A, Lacka B, Madeyska T, Marciniak B, Szeroczyńska K, Wieckowski K (1991) The development of Bledowa Lake (Central Poland) a palaeoecological study. Studia Geol Polon 100: 1–100
Birks HH (1970) Studies in the vegetational history of Scotland. I. A pollen diagram from Abernethy Forest, Invernesshire. J Ecol 58: 827–846
Birks HH (1972a) Studies in the vegetational history of Scotland. II: two pollen diagrams from the Galloway Hills, Kirkudbridgeshire. J Ecol 60: 183–217
Birks HH (1972b) Studies in the vegetational history of Scotland. III: A radiocarbon-dated pollen diagram from Loch Maree, Ross and Cromarty. New Phytol 71: 731–754
Birks HJB (1989) Holocene isochrone maps and patterns of tree-spreading in the British Isles. J Biogeogr 16: 503–540
Böcker R, Brande A, Sukopp H (1986) Das Postfenn im Berliner Grunewald. Abh Landesmus Naturkd Münster/Westf 48: 417–432
Bohncke SJP (1988) Vegetation and habitation history of the Callamish area, Isle of Lewis, Scotland. In: Birks HH, Birks HJB, Kaland PE, Moe D (eds) The cultural landscape — past, present and future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 445–461
Brande A (1980) Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen im Spätglazial und frühen Postglazial Berlins. Verhandl Bot Verein Provinz Brandenburg 115: 21–72
Brown AP (1977) Late-Devensian and Flandrian vegetational history of Bodmin Moor, Cornwall. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B 276: 251–320
Brown AG (1988) The palaeoecology of Alnus (alder) and the postglacial history of floodplain vegetation. Pollen percentage and influx data from the West Midlands, United Kingdom. New Phytol 110: 426–436
Chen S.H (1988) Neue Untersuchungen über die spät- und postglaziale Vegetationsgeschichte im Gebiet zwischen Harz und Leine (BRD). Flora 181, 147–177
COHMAP members (1988) Climate changes of the last 18,000 years: Observations and Model simulations. Science 241: 1043–1052
Danielsen A (1969) Pollenanalytical Late Quaternary Studies in the Ra District of Østfold, Southeast Norway. Arbok Univ Bergen, Mat- Naturv, Serie 14: 1–146
Digerfeldt G (1982) The Holocene development of Lake Sämbosjön. 1. The regional vegetation history. University Lund, Department of Quaternary Geology, Report 23, 1–24
Donner JJ (1969) Holocene pollen diagrams from the Beune Valley, Dordogne. Pollen Spores 11: 97–116
Edelman HJ (1985) Late glacial and Holocene Vegetation development at la Goutte Loiselot (Vosges, France). Thesis, University of Utrecht
Elhaï H (1960) La tourbière de Gathémo (Manche Normandie). Pollen Spores 2: 263–274
Elhaï H (1963) La Normandie occidentale, entre la Seine et le Golfe Normand-Breton. Imprimerie Bière, Bordeaux
Ertl U (1987) Pollenstratigraphie von Talprofilen im Main-Regnitz Gebiet. Naturwiss Ges Bayreuth, Ber 19: 237–290
Firbas F (1949) Spät- und nacheiszeitliche Waldgeschichte Mitteleuropas nördlich der Alpen. Band 1: allgemeine Waldgeschichte. Fischer, Jena
Firbas F (1952) Spät- und Nacheiszeitliche Waldgeschichte Mitteleuropas nördlich der Alpen. Band 2: Waldgeschichte der einzelnen Landschaften. Fischer, Jena
Florin MB (1957) Pollenanalytical evidence of prehistoric agriculture at Mogetorp Neolithic settlement, Sweden. Publ Inst Quat Geology, University Uppsala 6: 1–25
Florin MB (1977) Late glacial and Pre-Boreal Vegetation in Southern Central Sweden. II. Pollen spore and diatom analyses. Striae 5: 1–60
Fredskild B (1975) A Late-glacial and early Post-glacial pollen-concentration diagram from langeland, Denmark. Geol För Stockh Förh 97: 151–161
Fries M (1958) Vegetationsuitveckling och odlingshistoria i Varnhelmstrakten [Vegetation and settlement history in Varnhelmstrakten]. Acta Phytogeogr Suec 39: 1–63
Fries M (1962) Studies of the sediments and the vegetational history in the Ösbysjö region, north of Stockholm. Oikos 13: 76–96
Furrer G (1991) 25000 Jahre Gletschergeschichte, dargestellt an einigen Beispielen aus den Schweizer Alpen. Neujahrsblatt Naturf Ges Zürich 193: 1–52
Furrer G, Burga C, Gamper M, Holzhauer HP, Maisch M (1987) Zur Gletscher-, Vegetations- und Klimageschichte der Schweiz seit der Späteiszeit. Geogr Helv 42: 61–91
Geel B van, Bohncke SJP, Dee H (1981) A palaeoecological study of an upper late glacial and Holocene sequence from „De Borchert“, The Netherlands. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 31: 367–448
Godwin H (1975) History of the British flora. A factual basis for phytogeography, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Godwin H, Walker D, Willis EH (1957) Radiocarbon dating and post-glacial vegetational history: Scaleby Moss Proc Royal Soc London 147B: 352–366
Godwin H, Willis EH (1964) Cambridge University natural radiocarbon measurements VI. Radiocarbon 6: 116–137
Gotjé W, Wagen MCA van, Geel B van (1990) A palynological study of a Holocene deposit from Grand Bongard (Hautes-Fagnes, Belgium) Geol Mijnbouw 69: 227–241
Grichuk VP (1969) An attempt to reconstruct certain elements of the climate of the northern Hemisphere in the Atlantic period of the Holocene. In: Neustadt MJ The Holocene. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 41–57
Guiot J (1987) Late Quaternary climatic change in France estimated from multivariate pollen time series. Quat Res 28: 100–118
Guiot J, Couteaux M (1992) Quantitative climate reconstruction from pollen data in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg since 15000 yr BP J Quat Sci 7: 303–309
Hafsten U (1957) Om mistelternens og berg flettenshistorie i Norge [Concerning the history of mistletoe and ivy in Norway]. Blyttia 15: 43–60
Hafsten U (1965) The Norwegian Cladium mariscus communities and their post-glacial history. Årbok Univ Bergen Mat-Naturv Ser 1965 4: 1–55
Hammen T van der, Wijmstra TA (1971) The Upper Quaternary o of the Dinkel valley. Meded Rijks Geol Dienst 22: 55–214
Heeb K, Welten M (1972) Moore und Vegetationsgeschichte der Schwarzenegg und des Molassevorlandes zwischen dem Aaretal unterhalb Thun und dem oberen Emmental. Mitt Naturforsch Ges Bern, NF 29: 1–54
Hibbert FA, Switsur VR West RG (1971) Radiocarbon dating of Flandrian pollen zones at Red Moss, Lancashire. Proc Roy Soc London 177B: 161–176
Hibbert FA, Switsur VR (1976) Radiocarbon dating of Flandrian zones in Wales and Northern England. New Phytol 77: 793–807
Hirons KR, Edwards KJ (1986) Events at and around the first and second Ulmus declines: palaeoecological investigations in Co. Tyrone, Northern Ireland. New Phytol 104: 131–153
Hintikka V (1963) Über das Grossklima einiger Pflanzenareale, in zwei Klimakoordinatensystemen dargestellt. Ann Bot Soc Zoo Bot Fennicae ‘Vanamo’ 34(5): 1–64
Hjelmroos-Ericsson M (1981) Holocene development of Lake Wielkie Gacno area, north-western Poland. University of Lund, Department of Quaternary Geology, Thesis 10
Huault MF, Lefebvre D (1983) A mire environment during the Holocene: the Marais Vernier (France). Quaternary studies in Poland. Pol Acad Sci Poznan 4: 230–236
Hultèn E 1950 Atlas över växternas utbredning i Norden [Atlas showing the spread of plants in Norden]. Generalstabens Litografiska Anstaltens, Stockholm
Huntley B, Birks HJB (1983) An atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe: 0–13000 years ago. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Huntley B, Prentice JC (1988) July temperatures in Europe from pollen data, 6000 years before present. Science 241: 687–690
Iversen J (1941) Land occupation in Danmark's Stone Age. Dan Geol Unders, Series II, 66: 1–68
Iversen J (1944) Viscum, Hedera and Ilex as climate indicators. Geol För Stockh Förh 66: 463–483
Iversen J (1958) The bearing of glacial and interglacial epochs on the formation and extinction of plant taxa. Uppsala Univ Årsskrift 6: 210–215
Iversen J (1960) Problems of the early post-glacial forest development in Denmark. Dan Geol Unders, Series IV, 4(3): 1–32
Iversen J (1973) The development of Denmark's nature since the last glacial. Dan Geol Unders, Series V, 7-C: 1–126
Janssen CR, Ten Hove, HA (1971) Some late-Holocene pollen diagrams from the Peel raised bogs (southern Netherlands). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 2: 7–53
Járai-Komlódi M (1968) The late glacial and Holocene flora of the Hungarian Great Plain. Ann Uni Scientiarum-Budapest Sect Biol 9–10: 199–225
Jelgersma S (1979) Sea level changes in the North Sea basin. In: Oele E, Wiggers AJ, Schüttenhelm R (eds) The Quaternary history of the North Sea. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, pp 233–248
Jong J de (1982) Chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Holocene in the Netherlands. Striae 16: 71–74
Jørgensen S (1963) Early Postglacial in Aamosen I–II. Dan Geol Unders, Series II, 87: 1–79
Kalis AJ (1984) Forêt de la Bresse (Vogezen). Vegetatiekundige en pollenanalytische onderzoekingen naar de bosgeschiedenis van een Centraal-Europees Middelgebergte. Thesis, Utrecht
Kerfourn MT (1965) Analyse pollinique des sédiments Flandriens de la Vallée de la Vilaine aux environs de Redon (Ille-et-Vilaine). Bull Soc Géol Minéral Bretagne NS 1962/63: 147–157
Kolstrup E (1988) Late Atlantic and early Subboreal vegetational development at Trundholm, Denmark. J Archaeol Sci 15: 503–513
Kolstrup E (1990) Early and middle Holocene vegetational development in Kurarp (Scania, South Sweden). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 63: 233–257
Koperowa W (1970) Late glacial and Holocene history of the vegetation of the eastern part of the “Jaslo-Sanok Doly” (Flysch Carpatians). Acta Palaeobot 11(2): 3–43
Kozarski S, Tobolski K (1981) Guidebook of excursions. Symposium on the palaeohydrology of the temperate zone. Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznàn
Kubitzki K (1961) Zur Synchronisierung der nordwesteuropäischen Pollendiagramme (mit Beiträgen zur Waldgeschichte Nord-westdeutschlands). Flora 150: 43–72
Lang G, Trautmann W (1961) Zur spät- und nacheiszeitlichen Vegetationsgeschichte der Auvergne (Französisches Zentralmassiv). Flora 150: 11–42
Latalowa M (1982) Postglacial vegetational changes in the eastern Baltic coastal zone of Poland. Acta Palaeobot 22: 179–249
Latalowa M (1988) The late-glacial and early Holocene history of the vegetation in the Wolbrom area (Silesian-Cracovian Upland, S. Poland). In: Lang G, Schlüchter C (eds) Lake, mire and river environments during the last 15 000 years. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 9–22
Lemdahl G (1988) Palaeoclimatic and palaeoecological studies based on subfossil insects from Late Weichselian sediments in southern Sweden. Lundqua thesis 22, 1–11
Lesemann B (1969) Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Vegetationsgeschichte des hannoverschen Wendlandes. Flora 158B: 480–519
Litt T (1992) Fresh investigations into the natural and anthropogenically influenced vegetation of the earlier Holocene in the Elbe-Saale region, Central Germany. Veget Hist Archaeobot 1: 69–74
Lotter AF (1991) Absolute dating of the Late-Glacial period in Switzerland using annually laminated sediments. Quat Res 35: 321–330
Mangerud J, Andersen ST, Berglund BE, Donner, JJ (1974) Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classification. Boreas 3: 109–128
Mamakowa K (1962) The vegetation of the Basin of Sandomierz in the late-glacial and Holocene. Acta Palaeobot 3(2): 1–58
Mamakowa K (1968) Lille Buken and Lerøy — two pollen diagrams from western Norway. Årbok Univ Bergen, Mat Naturv Ser 1968 4: 1–42
Molloy K, O'Connell M (1991) Palaeoecological investigations towards the reconstruction of woodland and land-use history at Lough Sheeauns, Connemara, Western Ireland. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 67: 75–113
Mikkelsen VM (1949) Praestö Fjord. Dansk Bot Arkiv 13(5): 1–171
Mikkelsen V.M (1954) Studies on the Subatlantic history of Bornholm's vegetation. Dan Geol Unders, Series II, 80: 210–229
Mullenders W, Desair-Coremans M, Gilot E (1972) Recherches palynologigues et datations 14C sur les dépôts tourbeux de Holsbeek. Archaeol Belg 138: 133–143
Müller H (1953) Zur spät- und nacheiszeitlichen Vegetations-geschichte des mitteldeutschen Trockengebietes. Nova Acta Leopold NF 16(110): 1–67
Müller H (1962) Pollenanalytische Untersuchung eines Quartärprofils durch die spät- und nacheiszeitlichen Ablagerungen des Schleinsees (Südwestdeutschland). Geol Jahrb 29: 493–526
Nesje A, Kvamme M, Rye N, Løvlie R (1991) Holocene glacial and climate history of the Jostedalsbreen region, Western Norway: evidence from lake sediments and terrestrial deposits. Quat Sci Rev 10: 87–114
Nilsson T (1960a) Ein neues Standardpollendiagramm aus Bjärsjöholmssjön in Schonen. Publ Inst Mineral Palaentol Quat Geol Univ Lund 96: 1–34
Nilsson T (1960b) Recherches pollen analytiques dans la Vallée de la Somme. Pollen Spores 2: 235–262
Nilsson T (1964) Standardpollendiagramme und C14-Datierungen aus dem Ageröds Mosse im mittleren Schonen. Publ Inst Mineral Palaentol Quat Geol Univ Lund 124: 1–52
Noryśkiewicz B (1982) Lake Steklin — a reference site for the Dobrzyń-Chelmno Lake District, N. Poland. Acta Palaeobot 22: 65–83
O'Connell M (1980) The developmental history of Scragh Bog, Co. Westmeath and the vegetational history of its hinterland. New Phytol 85: 301–319
O'Connell M, Molloy K, Bowler M (1988) Post-glacial landscape evolution in Connemara, western Ireland with particular reference to woodland history. In: Birks HH, Birks HJB, Kaland PE, Moe D (eds) The cultural landscape — past, present and future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 487–514
Oldfield F (1964a) Late Quaternary vegetational history in south west France. Pollen Spores 6: 157–168
Oldfield F (1964b) Late Quaternary deposits at Le Moura, Biarritz, south-west France. New Phytol 63: 374–409
Overbeck F (1975) Botanisch-geologische Moorkunde. Wachholtz, Neumünster
Paquereau MM (1964) Flores et climats post-glaciaires en Gironde. Actes Soc Linnéenne Bordeaux 101: 1–157
Pawlikowski M, Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M, Schönborn W, Stupnicka E, Szeroczyńska K (1982) Woryty near Gietrzwald, Olsztyn lake district, NE Poland — vegetational history and lake development during the last 12 000 years. Acta Palaeobot 22: 85–116
Peglar S (1979) A radiocarbon-dated pollen diagram from Loch of Winless, Caithness, north-east Scotland. New Phytol 82: 245–263
Pennington W (1970) Vegetation history in the north-west of England: a regional synthesis. In: Walker D, West RG (eds) Studies in the vegetational history of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 41–80
Peschke P (1977) Zur Vegetations- und Besiedlungsgeschichte des Waldviertels (Niederösterreich). Mitt Komm Quartärforsch Österr Akad Wiss Wien 2: 1–84
Planchais N (1967) Analyse pollinique de la tourbière de Gizeux (Indre-et-Loire) et étude du chêne vert à l'optimum climatique. Pollen Spores 9: 505–520
Planchais N (1970) Tardiglaciaire et postglaciaire à Mur-de-Sologne (Loire-et-Cher) Pollen Spores 12: 381–428
Polak B (1959) Palynology of the „Uddeler Meer“. Acta Bot Neerl 9: 547–571
Pons A, Guiot J, Beaulieu JL de, Reille M (1992) Recent contributions to the climatology of the last glacial-interglacial cycle based on French pollen sequences. Quat Sci Rev 11: 439–448
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M (1980) Late-Glacial and Holocene Vegetation of the Bieszcrady Mts (Polish Eastern Carpathians). Polska Akad Nauk Instytut Bot, Cracow
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M (1983) Isopollen maps for Poland: 0–11000 years B.P. New Phytol 94: 133–175
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M, Rzetkowska A (1987) Pollen and macrofossil stratigraphy of fossil lake sediments at Niechorze I. W. Baltic coast. Acta Palaeobot 27: 153–178
Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M, Van Geel B (1992) Early human disturbance of the natural environment recorded in annually laminated sediments in Lake Gościaz, central Poland. Veget Hist Archaeobot 1: 33–42
Rausch KA (1975) Untersuchungen zur spät- und nacheiszeitlichen Vegetationsgeschichte im Gebiet des ehemaligen Inn-Chiemseegletschers. Flora 164: 235–282
Reille M, Beaulieu JL de, Pons A (1985) Recherches pollen analytiques sur l'histoire tardiglaciaire et Holocène de la végétation du Cézallier, de la Planèze de St. Flour, et de la Margeride (Massif Central, France). Pollen Spores 27: 209–270
Reille M, Andrieu V (1991) Données nouvelles sur l'histoire postglaciaire de végétation des Pyrénées occidentales (France). Comptes Rendus Acad Sci Paris, 312(2): 97–103
Rehagen HW 1964 Zur spät- und postglazialen Vegetations-geschichte des Niederrheingebietes und Westmünsterlandes. Fortschr Geol Rheinland Westfalen 12: 55–96
Robinson D, Dickson JH (1988) Vegetational history and landuse: a radiocarbon-dated pollen diagram from Machrie Moor, Arran, Scotland. New Phytol 109: 223–251
Rösch M (1989) Pollenprofil Breitnau-Neuhof. Zum zeitlichen Verlauf der holozänen Vegetationsentwicklung im südlichen Schwarzwald. Carolinea 47: 15–24
Rösch M (1990) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen im Durchenbergried. Forsch Ber Vor- Frühgesch Baden-Württemberg 37: 9–64
Rybníčková E (1974) Die Entwicklung der Vegetation und Flora im südlichen Teil der Böhmisch-mährischen Höhe während des Spätglazials und Holozäns. Vegetace CSSR-A7, Praha, pp 1–150
Samuelsson G (1915) Über den Rückgang der Haselgrenze und anderer pflanzengeographischer Grenzlinien in Skandinavien. Bull Geol Inst Univ Uppsala 13: 93–114
Schneider R.E (1978) Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur Kenntnis der spät-und postglazialen Vegetationsgeschichte am Südrand der Alpen zwischen Turin und Varese. Bot Jahrb Syst Pflanzengesch Pflanzengeogr 100: 26–109
Smith AG (1958) Pollen analytical investigations of the mire at Fallahogy TD., Co. Derry. Proc R Ir Acad 59B: 329–343
Smith AG (1961) Cannons Lough, Kilrea, Co. Derry: stratigraphy and pollen analysis. Proc R Ir Acad, 61B: 369–383
Steckhan HU (1960) Pollenanalytisch-vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur frühen Siedlungsgeschichte im Vogelsberg, Knüll und Solling. Flora 150: 514–551
Stewart DA, Walker A, Dickson JH (1984) Pollen diagrams from Dubb Lochan, near Loch Lomond. New Phytol 98: 531–549
Tobolski K (1987) Holocene vegetational development based on the Klukireference site in the Gardno-Leba plain. Acta Palaeobot 27: 179–222
Tohall P, de Vries Hl, Van Zeist W (1955) A trackway in Corlona Bog, Co. Leitrum. J R Soc Antiq Ireland 85: 77–83
Troels-Smith J (1960) Ivy, mistletoe and elm. Climate indicators fodder plants. Dan Geol Unders, Series IV, 4: 1–32
Walker MJC (1982) The Late-glacial and early Flandrian deposits at Traet Mawr, Brecon Beacons, South Wales. New Phytol 90: 177–194
Walker MJC (1984) A pollen diagram from St. Kilda, Outer Hebrides, Scotland. New Phytol 97: 99–113
Walker D, Lambert CA (1955) Boreal Deposits at Kirkby Thore, Westmoreland. New Phytol 54: 211–215
Walter H, Lieth E (1960) Klimadiagramm Atlas 1. Fischer, Jena
Weeda, EJ (1985) Nederlandse Oecologische Flora 1. IVN, Amsterdam
Wegmüller S (1977) Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur spät- und postglazialen Vegetationsgeschichte der französischen Alpen (Dauphiné). Haupt, Bern
Wegmüller S (1984) Zur Ausbreitungsgeschichte von Buxus sempervirens L. im Spät- und Postglazial in Süd- und Mitteleuropa. Diss Bot 72: 333–344
Welten M (1982) Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen in den westlichen Schweizer Alpen: Bern-Wallis. Denkschr Schweiz Naturf Ges 95: 1–104
Willutzki H (1962) Zur Waldgeschichte und Vermoorung sowie über Rekurrenzflächen im Oberharz. Nova Acta Leopold NF 25(160): 1–51
Zachowicz J, Przybylowska-Lange W, Nagler J (1982) The Late-Glacial and Holocene vegetational history of the Zulawy region, N. Poland. A biostratigraphic study of Lake Druzno sediments. Acta Palaeobot 22: 141–161
Zagwijn WH (1970) Pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating of North Sea cores 68T114 and 68T121. Internal Report, Department of Palaeobotany, Geological Survey of the Netherlands
Zagwijn WH (in press) An analysis of Eemian climate in Western and Central Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews
Zeist W van, Spoel-Walvius MR van der (1980) A palynological study of the Late-glacial and the postglacial in the Paris Basin. Palaeohistoria 22: 66–109
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zagwijn, W.H. Reconstruction of climate change during the Holocene in western and central Europe based on pollen records of indicator species. Veget Hist Archaebot 3, 65–88 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00189928
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00189928