Journal Description
Minerals
Minerals
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of natural mineral systems, mineral resources, mining, and mineral processing. Minerals is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), GeoRef, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Mining & Mineral Processing) / CiteScore - Q2 (Geology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: Mining
Impact Factor:
2.5 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022)
Latest Articles
The Measurement Reliability of δ13C of Dissolved Organic Carbon: A Validation for Speleothem Samples
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050454 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon (δ13CDOC) in speleothems, based on high-precision U-Th ages, has great potential to reconstruct past ecology, microbial activity, and carbon cycling. Identifying the reliability of the pretreatment and measurement of speleothem δ
[...] Read more.
The carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon (δ13CDOC) in speleothems, based on high-precision U-Th ages, has great potential to reconstruct past ecology, microbial activity, and carbon cycling. Identifying the reliability of the pretreatment and measurement of speleothem δ13CDOC is therefore essential to putting it into practice. Actually, we have previously verified the reliability of the method for speleothem δ13CDOC measurements. However, it was only based on the final δ13CDOC values of homogeneous speleothem powder and is unable to evaluate the effects of different experimental conditions and the impacts of adding acid on δ13CDOC if using speleothem as the study samples. In this study, we used an organic reagent (potassium sorbate) as the study sample and designed a conditional experiment that simulates the protocols for speleothem δ13CDOC analysis and presented the resulting data to inspect the effects of the experimental processes on the analysis of δ13CDOC. The results show that the standard deviation of duplicate samples is 0.1‰, which is close to that of the previous work for organic reagents and water samples, and the results were not affected by different experimental conditions and operation steps (such as adding orthophosphoric acid, digestion time, and storage duration of resulting CO2 in storage vessels), suggesting that this method is robust to detect the speleothem δ13CDOC. Considering the range and standard deviation of results, we proposed that the δ13CDOC record could be used in various studies when the amplitudes of the δ13CDOC record are larger than 0.1‰, especially greater than 0.4‰.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stalagmite Geochemistry and Its Paleoenvironmental Implication)
Open AccessArticle
Coupled Processes at Micro- and Macroscopic Levels for Long-Term Performance Assessment Studies of Nuclear Waste Repositories
by
Hua Shao, Eike Radeisen, Jürgen Hesser, Wenqing Wang and Olaf Kolditz
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050453 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Performance assessment of nuclear waste repositories requires state-of-the-art knowledge of radionuclide transport properties. Additionally, the short-term development under thermal pulses and the long-term development of the near field—due to influences such as gas generation—must be evaluated. Key thermal-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes are strongly coupled on
[...] Read more.
Performance assessment of nuclear waste repositories requires state-of-the-art knowledge of radionuclide transport properties. Additionally, the short-term development under thermal pulses and the long-term development of the near field—due to influences such as gas generation—must be evaluated. Key thermal-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes are strongly coupled on different spatial and temporal scales. To understand these coupling mechanisms, numerous material models and numerical codes have been developed. However, the existing constitutive approaches—which have been adapted to describe small-scale laboratory experiments and validated against real-scale field observations—are often unable to capture long-term material behavior with sufficient precision. To build the confidence, a more comprehensive understanding of the system at micro- and macroscopic scales is required. Most observed macroscopic processes result from microscopic changes in the crystal structure and/or crystalline aggregates, as well as changes in material properties under the influence of various factors. To characterize these physical fields in crystals, microscopic investigations, such as visualization, or geophysical methods are introduced to verify the understanding at the microscale. Two cases are demonstrated for the presented concept using microscale information: one deals with the mechanically and thermally driven migration of fluid inclusions in rock salt, the other with dilatancy-controlled gas transport in water-saturated clay material.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implications of THMC Processes on Long-Term Safety of Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste)
Open AccessReview
Igneous Diversity of the Early Martian Crust
by
Valerie Payré, Arya Udry and Abigail A. Fraeman
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050452 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Mars missions and Martian meteorites revealed how complex the Martian crust is. The occurrence of both alkaline and sub-alkaline igneous rocks of Noachian age (>3.7 Ga) in Gale crater indicates diverse magmatic processes, with sub-alkaline rocks likely formed through the partial melting of
[...] Read more.
Mars missions and Martian meteorites revealed how complex the Martian crust is. The occurrence of both alkaline and sub-alkaline igneous rocks of Noachian age (>3.7 Ga) in Gale crater indicates diverse magmatic processes, with sub-alkaline rocks likely formed through the partial melting of hydrous mafic rocks, as commonly observed on Earth. The orbital discovery of excavated evolved igneous rocks scattered in Noachian terrains raise questions about the petrology of the ancient Martian crust, long thought to be basaltic. A possibly evolved crust beneath a mafic cover is supported by geophysical and seismic measurements from the Insight lander that indicate the bulk crust has a lower density than expected if it were homogeneously basaltic. If localized magmatic processes could form evolved terrains, the detection of abundant intermediate to felsic Noachian crustal exposures through remote sensing suggest regional- to global-scale processes that produced evolved crustal component(s) that are now buried below mafic materials. Due to the lack of centimetric to millimetric textural imaging and compositional measurements, the petrology of such crust is ambiguous. Future orbiter, rover, and aerial missions should focus on Noachian exposed regions exhibiting evolved crustal characteristics to unfold the petrology of the Martian crust and its formation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Mars: Everything You Need to Know about the Red Planet)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Fractionation Columns on the Elution of Rare Earth Elements Recovered from Acid Mine Drainage
by
Gabriela Cordeiro Silva, Clauson Souza, Pedro Augusto Possa Vicente Sacramento Ferreira, Liliani Pacheco Tavares Nazareth and Ana Claudia Queiroz Ladeira
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050451 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) can be found in expressive contents in different secondary sources, such as acid mine drainage (AMD). This work evaluated separation of light and heavy rare earth elements (REE) from an acid mine drainage (AMD) generated in a former uranium
[...] Read more.
Rare earth elements (REE) can be found in expressive contents in different secondary sources, such as acid mine drainage (AMD). This work evaluated separation of light and heavy rare earth elements (REE) from an acid mine drainage (AMD) generated in a former uranium mine in Brazil by using ion exchange. This AMD presents pH 3.50, total REE content of 97 mg L−1 and 1.3 g L−1 of sulfate and was used in the REE loading experiments. Loading experiments were carried out in columns using a commercial strong acid cation (SAC) exchange resin. Elution was performed with 0.01 mol L−1 NH4EDTA in systems with one, two and three columns. Regarding the loading step, the resin presented a total loading capacity of 0.58 mmol g−1. The resin proved to be more selective for light REE with adsorption efficiency of 78% and 48% for heavy REE. Regarding elution, high efficiencies between 90 and 100% were achieved for REE. The final REE solution is approximately 10 times more concentrated in the liquor related to the acid mine water. Better fractionation results were achieved for the system with three columns. Although the complete separation of the REE into pure elements was not possible, two distinct fractions of heavy and light REE could be obtained, and La was completely separated from the other REE. In order to improve fractionation and separate the REE into individual ones, the concentrated fractions can proceed to subsequent ion exchange systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Management of Mine Waters)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Highly Resolved Speleothem δ13C Record from Central China and Its Manifestation on Multiple Time Scales during the Last Glacial
by
Qingmin Chen, Xing Cheng, Li Deng, Kaikai He, Wenshuo Zhang, Gang Xue, Zeke Zhang, Le Ma, Gaohong Wang, Hai Cheng and R. Lawrence Edwards
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050450 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Speleothem δ13C in monsoonal China differs from speleothem δ18O, which is widely used as a climatic proxy for several complex control reasons. Nevertheless, δ13C records have the potential to reveal the implications of hydroclimatic changes. This study
[...] Read more.
Speleothem δ13C in monsoonal China differs from speleothem δ18O, which is widely used as a climatic proxy for several complex control reasons. Nevertheless, δ13C records have the potential to reveal the implications of hydroclimatic changes. This study reports a speleothem δ13C record from Didonghe (DDH) Cave in central China spanning 34 to 13 kyr BP. After we investigated the factors that influence speleothem δ13C, we found that the δ13C record showed that DDH Cave can prompt directional shifts via local hydroclimatic changes, such as in vegetation types, biomass, and rock–water interaction processes, suggesting that δ13C is mainly controlled by the local hydroclimate. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) results revealed a coupling relationship between δ18O and δ13C on multiple timescales, which suggested that changes in precipitation caused by large-scale monsoonal circulation are controlled by regional hydrological conditions to a great extent. However, the hydrological conditions of the cave were relatively mild and humid during the last glacial maximum (LGM), which revealed the impact of evaporation on changes in the region’s hydrological conditions. We also found that the δ18O and δ13C profiles decoupled when δ13C changed with a shift in the location of the westerly during HS1. The δ13C record correlates well with other paleoclimate records, suggesting that regional hydrological conditions are also modulated by the Earth’s internal and external driving factors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stalagmite Geochemistry and Its Paleoenvironmental Implication)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Metabasites from the Central East Kunlun Orogenic Belt Inform a New Suture Model for Subduction and Collision in the Early Paleozoic Proto-Tethys Ocean
by
Feng Chang, Guibin Zhang, Lu Xiong, Shuaiqi Liu, Shuzhen Wang and Yixuan Liu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050449 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The discovery of eclogite outcrops in the East Kunlun Orogen Belt (EKOB) has confirmed the existence of an Early Paleozoic HP-UHP metamorphic belt. However, the protoliths and metamorphic histories of widespread metabasites remain poorly constrained. We collected three types of metabasites from the
[...] Read more.
The discovery of eclogite outcrops in the East Kunlun Orogen Belt (EKOB) has confirmed the existence of an Early Paleozoic HP-UHP metamorphic belt. However, the protoliths and metamorphic histories of widespread metabasites remain poorly constrained. We collected three types of metabasites from the central part of EKOB. We present an integrated study of petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopes, estimated P–T conditions, and zircon U-Pb isotope ages. The results show that amphibolites and retrograde eclogites have clockwise P–T paths with peak conditions of, respectively, 11–12 kbar and 675–695 °C, and 21.5–22.2 kbar and 715–750 °C. Zircon dating of metabasites from Dagele yields Late Ordovician (~449 Ma) to Early Silurian (~440 Ma) protolith ages and Early Devonian (~414 Ma) amphibolite facies metamorphic ages. Retrograde eclogites from east Nuomuhong have a protolith age of ~902 Ma and metamorphic ages of ~418 Ma, consistent with other eclogites from East Kunlun. Our data suggest that the protoliths of Dagele metabasites represent arc-type magmatism during the subduction of a small back-arc oceanic basin. Instead, the protoliths of retrograde eclogites are Neoproterozoic tholeiitic basalts emplaced into continental crust and subsequently deeply subducted. We develop a new model for Early Paleozoic subduction and collision in the East Kunlun region, emphasizing the role of ‘dominant’ and ‘secondary’ suture boundaries. This model helps explain the ages and metamorphic histories of the metabasites studied here and offers new perspectives on the evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Petrology: Metamorphic Evolution of Eclogite)
Open AccessArticle
Minerals of the Au-Cu-Ag System in Grains from the Placers of the Olkhovaya-1 River (Eastern Kamchatka, Russia)
by
Galina A. Palyanova, Tatiana V. Beliaeva, Dmitry P. Savelyev and Yurii V. Seryotkin
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050448 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Heterogeneous grains in the heavy fractions of the placers of the Olkhovaya-1 river (Kamchatka Cape Peninsula, Eastern Kamchatka, Russia) containing Au-Ag, Au-Cu, and Au-Ag-Cu particles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, and X-ray powder diffractometry. The analyses showed that auricupride dominates
[...] Read more.
Heterogeneous grains in the heavy fractions of the placers of the Olkhovaya-1 river (Kamchatka Cape Peninsula, Eastern Kamchatka, Russia) containing Au-Ag, Au-Cu, and Au-Ag-Cu particles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, and X-ray powder diffractometry. The analyses showed that auricupride dominates in some grains, whereas in others, the main phases are tetra-auricupride or Ag-rich and (or) Au-rich alloys. It was revealed that in the central parts of some grains of exsolution structures, auricupride Cu3.04–2.74Au0.96–1.26 (Ag < 1 wt.%) occurs in intergrowths with low-fineness Ag0.86–0.67Au0.09–0.33Cu<0.05 solid solutions (160‰–480‰), and tetra-auricupride Cu1.12–0.87Au0.88–1.11Ag<0.02 (Ag < 2 wt.%) occurs with higher-fineness Au0.73–0.62Ag0.2–0.38Cu<0.07 solid solutions (520‰–850‰). We also observed, mainly in the peripheral parts of the grains, insignificant amounts of secondary phases that were compositionally similar to Cu2Au, Cu3Au2, Au3Cu2, Au2Cu, Au3Cu, high-fineness gold with impurities of Cu and occasionally Ag (>850‰), and pure gold. In intergrowths with auricupride and tetra-auricupride, we also observed earlier-formed silicates (garnet, pyroxene, chlorite, epidote, titanite), syngenetic sulfides (pyrrhotite, bornite, galena), and later minerals (chalcocite, covellite, anilite, cuprite, goethite, etc.). The XRD analysis of the peripheral parts of some grains showed the presence of auricupride (Cu3Au), tetra-auricupride CuAu (I) and Cu(Au0.92Ag0.08) (II), and gold. The profiles show the absence of peaks of the Au3Cu phase and other Au-Ag-Cu phases identified by the EMPA, which is likely due to their low concentrations in the samples or their structural similarity to gold. It is assumed that the probable source of Au-Ag-Cu mineralization in the Olkhovaya-1 river placers is located in the upper reaches of watercourses that erode the ultrabasic massif of Mounts Soldatskaya and Golaya (Kamchatka Cape Peninsula).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Native Gold as a Specific Indicator Mineral for Gold Deposits, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Agate Mineralization in Paleoproterozoic Organic Carbon-Rich Sedimentary Rocks of the Onega Basin (NW Russia): Insights into Genesis
by
Evgeniya N. Svetova, Sergei A. Svetov and Oleg B. Lavrov
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050447 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this contribution, we present the results of mineralogical investigation of the agates in Paleoproterozoic organic carbon-rich sedimentary rocks within the Onega Basin (Fennoscandian shield, Russia) aimed at reconstructing the agate-forming processes. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, EDS microanalysis, thermal analysis, X-ray powder
[...] Read more.
In this contribution, we present the results of mineralogical investigation of the agates in Paleoproterozoic organic carbon-rich sedimentary rocks within the Onega Basin (Fennoscandian shield, Russia) aimed at reconstructing the agate-forming processes. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, EDS microanalysis, thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and carbon isotope analysis were used for the study. Three main varieties of agates differing in morphology and texture were identified, including concentrically zoned nodules, fine-banded, and carbon-rich moss agates. Mineralogical evidence indicates the participation of hydrothermal fluids in agate formation. Concentrically zoned nodules could be formed due to the dissolution of carbonate concretions in the organic carbon-rich siltstones and their silicification as a result of late hydrothermal processes. Fine-banded vein agates occur in stockworks crosscutting organic carbon-rich rocks and are widely accompanied by sulfides, selenides, carbonates, sulfates, and iron oxides. Carbonaceous matter in moss agates is present as poorly ordered carbon and is characterized by a low δ13Corg value (−25.64‰), suggesting a biogenic origin. Raman spectroscopy data showed an elevated amount of moganite besides alpha quartz in the concentrically zoned nodules compared to other agate varieties, indicating different ages of the mineralization processes. We suggest that the revealed varieties of agates were formed at different stages of long-term hydrothermal processes occurring in the Onega Basin.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Origin of Agate: An Ongoing Challenge)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
Sensor Technologies for Safety Monitoring in Mine Tailings Storage Facilities: Solutions in the Industry 4.0 Era
by
Carlos Cacciuttolo, Valentina Guzmán, Patricio Catriñir and Edison Atencio
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050446 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The recent tailings storage facility (TSF) dam failures recorded around the world have concerned society in general, forcing the mining industry to improve its operating standards, invest greater economic resources, and implement the best available technologies (BATs) to control TSFs for safety purposes
[...] Read more.
The recent tailings storage facility (TSF) dam failures recorded around the world have concerned society in general, forcing the mining industry to improve its operating standards, invest greater economic resources, and implement the best available technologies (BATs) to control TSFs for safety purposes and avoid spills, accidents, and collapses. In this context, and as the era of digitalization and Industry 4.0 continues, monitoring technologies based on sensors have become increasingly common in the mining industry. This article studies the state of the art of implementing sensor technologies to monitor structural health and safety management issues in TSFs, highlighting advances and experiences through a review of the scientific literature on the topic. The methodology applied in this article adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and utilizes scientific maps for data visualization. To do so, three steps were implemented: (i) a quantitative bibliometric analysis, (ii) a qualitative systematic review of the literature, and (iii) a mixed review to integrate the findings from (i) and (ii). As a result, this article presents the main advances, gaps, and future trends regarding the main characteristics of the sensor technologies applied to monitor TSF structural health and safety management in the era of digitalization. According to the results, the existing research predominantly investigates certain TSF sensor technologies, such as wireless real-time monitoring, remote sensors (RS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned survey vessels (USVs), artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing (CC), and Internet of Things (IoT) approaches, among others. These technologies stand out for their potential to improve the safety management monitoring of mine tailings, which is particularly significant in the context of climate change-related hazards, and to reduce the risk of TSF failures. They are recognized as emerging smart mining solutions with reliable, simple, scalable, secure, and competitive characteristics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tailings Dams: Design, Characterization, Monitoring, and Risk Assessment, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Sedimentological and Geochemical Characterization of the Early Cambrian Eastern Yunnan, Southwestern China
by
Xiaoxia Peng, Zexin Fang, Xin Cheng, Ling Guo and Jianni Liu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050445 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The accurate reconstruction of the early Cambrian paleoclimate and paleoceanographic conditions on the Yangtze Plate is crucial for understanding the ancient environment during the Cambrian Explosion. It is also a key factor in understanding the ecological habits of organisms during the Cambrian Explosion.
[...] Read more.
The accurate reconstruction of the early Cambrian paleoclimate and paleoceanographic conditions on the Yangtze Plate is crucial for understanding the ancient environment during the Cambrian Explosion. It is also a key factor in understanding the ecological habits of organisms during the Cambrian Explosion. The study utilized field outcrops, thin section analysis, and major and trace elements to investigate the sedimentary environment, provenance, paleoweathering, and paleoclimate of the Lower Cambrian Hongjingshao (HJS) Formation (Cambrian Stage 3, ~515 Ma) in the Yangtze Basin, eastern Yunnan, SW China. The HJS sandstones are composed of 10 lithofacies, including massive and weakly bedded gravel supported by coarse sandstone (Gm), trough cross-bedded sandstone (St), planar cross-bedded sandstone (Sp), ripple cross-laminated sandstone (Sr), horizontal bedded sandstone (Sh), scour-fill sandstone (Se), massive sandstone (Sm), fine to medium sandstone with thin bed muddy siltstone (Fl), muddy siltstone (Fsc), and mudstone (Fm). On the basis of these lithofacies, channel fill and over-bank deposits in delta and shallow shelf depositional environments are suggested for HJS Formation. The major elements-based provenance discriminant function and mineral composition indicate that felsic rocks from the recycled orogen and continental block are the main sediment source terrane for the HJS sandstones of the study area. CIA, PIA, and CIW values range from 71.29 to 93.72, indicating an intermediate to intense chemical weathering and semiarid to humid climate conditions in Cambrian Stage 3. The research findings have clarified the paleoclimate and paleoceanographic environment of the Early Cambrian in the Yangtze region, which is of significant importance for understanding the early biological and ecological marine environment in the study area.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
New Insights in Metallurgical Manufacturing in the Caucasian Area: The Case Study of Artefacts from the Samshvilde Citadel Ruins (South Georgia)
by
Natalia Rovella, Maria Pia Albanese, Maria Francesca Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone, Michela Ricca, David Berikashvili, Levan Kvakhadze, Shota Tvaladze, Alberto Figoli and Mauro Francesco La Russa
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050444 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
An archaeometric approach was applied to the study of the hoard found in the Samshvilde fortress, one of the richest areas of archaeological artefacts in Caucasian Georgia, since it is representative of the historical events from the Neolithic period until the most recent
[...] Read more.
An archaeometric approach was applied to the study of the hoard found in the Samshvilde fortress, one of the richest areas of archaeological artefacts in Caucasian Georgia, since it is representative of the historical events from the Neolithic period until the most recent epochs. In this context, four coins dated back to the 12th–13th centuries AD to the reign of King Giorgi III, Queen Tamar, and King Giorgi IV of Georgia underwent different analytical methods to collect information about the technological production process, the probable forge location, and their conservation state. Optical microscope observations provided details about the decorations, the stylistic aspects, and a preliminary evaluation of the conservation state. Portable X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed a composition consisting almost exclusively of copper with a lower amount of tin, lead, and silver. Moreover, degradation products (copper chlorides and sulphates) and cuprite patina were identified. The metal-supplying areas could be related to the nearby Bolnisi Mining District, and the forge location could coincide with the hoard location in Samshvilde, but further data and analyses are necessary.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Provenance of Archaeological Materials Using Multi-Method Analysis)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Oxide Reduction Treatment with a Thermal Plasma Torch: A Case Study
by
Mohammed El Khalloufi and Gervais Soucy
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050443 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
This article presents the findings of a study on oxide reduction utilizing a novel reducing plasma torch, employing greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 as plasma gases. The primary aim of this investigation is to establish the viability of this
[...] Read more.
This article presents the findings of a study on oxide reduction utilizing a novel reducing plasma torch, employing greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 as plasma gases. The primary aim of this investigation is to establish the viability of this approach. The innovative plasma torch was employed to reduce various oxides, including aluminum oxide, iron oxide, and titanium oxide, as well as a mixed oxide composition, employing a CO2/CH4 molar ratio of 1:1 within a spouted bed reactor. Following plasma treatment, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to examine the metallic phases, notably titanium, iron, and aluminum. SEM–EDS observations were carried out to assess microstructural changes and identify elemental compositions pre- and post-plasma treatment. The results demonstrate that within the conical section of the reactor, titanium oxide experiences partial reduction, resulting in limited titanium production, while aluminum oxide and iron oxides (magnetite and hematite) undergo reduction to yield aluminum and iron, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations, performed using Factsage software version 8.3, were utilized to predict stable-phase formations following plasma treatment for each material.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Mining, Waste Recovery and Efficient Disposal of Metal Mines)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessEditorial
Editorial for Special Issue “Geochemistry of Travertines and Calcareous Tufas”
by
Francesca Giustini and Mauro Brilli
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050442 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Travertine and calcareous tufa are the lithological terms generally used to describe continental carbonates [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry of Travertines and Calcareous Tufas)
Open AccessArticle
Recovery of Apatite from Magnetic Concentration Tailings by Flotation
by
Luis Valderrama, Osvaldo Gómez, Osvaldo Pavez and Mario Santander
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050441 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Iron concentration tailings contain many valuable minerals, including apatite, which is not currently being recovered despite its use to make fertilizers and chemicals. This article proposes a flotation circuit to recover apatite from tailings generated by mining in Chile, based on laboratory tests
[...] Read more.
Iron concentration tailings contain many valuable minerals, including apatite, which is not currently being recovered despite its use to make fertilizers and chemicals. This article proposes a flotation circuit to recover apatite from tailings generated by mining in Chile, based on laboratory tests and using the “Split Factor” method. The iron tailings were characterized by granulometry, chemical and mineralogical analyses, zeta potential, and contact angle. The effect of the collector, frother, and dispersant dose, along with the number of flotation stages, on both the grade and recovery of P2O5 were studied. The results indicate that it is possible to produce concentrates with a P2O5 grade of 29.1% and 89.6% recovery in a flotation circuit that includes the rougher–scavenger–cleaner stages. To obtain these results, it is only necessary to condition the iron tailings with 400 gt−1 of Atrac-2600, 400 gt−1 of sodium silicate, 10 min of conditioning time, pH adjustment to 10, and a time for the rougher, cleaner, and scavenger stages set at 10, 7.6, and 6.8 min, respectively. A chemical interaction is suggested, where the collector is specifically adsorbed onto the apatite surface.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reuse and Recycling of Phosphate Mine Wastes)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Mantle Sources and Geochemical Evolution of the Picture Gorge Basalt, Columbia River Basalt Group
by
Emily B. Cahoon, Martin J. Streck, Richard W. Carlson and Ilya N. Bindeman
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050440 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
The Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) is the youngest continental flood basalt province, proposed to be sourced from the deep-seated plume that currently resides underneath Yellowstone National Park. If so, the earliest erupted basalts from this province, such as those in the Picture
[...] Read more.
The Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) is the youngest continental flood basalt province, proposed to be sourced from the deep-seated plume that currently resides underneath Yellowstone National Park. If so, the earliest erupted basalts from this province, such as those in the Picture Gorge Basalt (PGB), aid in understanding and modeling plume impingement and the subsequent evolution of basaltic volcanism. Using geochemical and isotopic data, this study explores potential mantle sources and magma evolution of the PGB. Long known geochemical signatures of the PGB include overall large ion lithophile element (LILE) enrichment and relative depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE) typical of other CRBG main-phase units. Basaltic samples of the PGB have 87Sr/86Sr ratios on the low end of the range displayed by other CRBG lavas and mantle-like δ18O values. The relatively strong enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE coupled with depleted isotopic signatures suggest a metasomatized upper mantle as the most likely magmatic source for the PGB. Previous geochemical modeling of the PGB utilized the composition of two high-MgO primitive dikes exposed in the northern portion of the Monument Dike swarm as parental melt. However, fractionation of these dike compositions cannot generate the compositional variability illustrated by basaltic lavas and dikes of the PGB. This study identifies a second potential parental PGB composition best represented by basaltic flows in the extended spatial distribution of the PGB. This composition also better reflects the lowest stratigraphic flows identified in the previously mapped extent of the PGB. Age data reveal that PGB lavas erupted first and throughout eruptions of main-phase CRBG units (Steens, Imnaha, Grande Ronde Basalt). Combining geochemical signals with these age data indicates cyclical patterns in the amounts of contributing mantle components. Eruption of PGB material occurred in two pulses, demonstrated by a ~0.4 Ma temporal gap in reported ages, 16.62 to 16.23 Ma. Coupling ages with observed geochemical signals, including relative elemental abundances of LILE, indicates increased influence of a more primitive, potentially plume-like source with time.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large Igneous Provinces: Research Frontiers)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
Editorial for Special Issue “Advances on Fine Particles and Bubbles Flotation”
by
Liuyi Ren
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050439 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
The froth-flotation process allows for the separation of solid particles according to differences in their physical and surface-chemistry properties [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Fine Particles and Bubbles Flotation)
Open AccessArticle
Open-Pit Pushback Optimization by a Parallel Genetic Algorithm
by
Felipe Navarro, Nelson Morales, Carlos Contreras-Bolton, Carlos Rey and Victor Parada
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050438 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Determining the design of pushbacks in an open-pit mine is a key part of optimizing the economic value of the mining project and the operational feasibility of the mine. This problem requires balancing pushbacks that have good geometric properties to ensure the smooth
[...] Read more.
Determining the design of pushbacks in an open-pit mine is a key part of optimizing the economic value of the mining project and the operational feasibility of the mine. This problem requires balancing pushbacks that have good geometric properties to ensure the smooth operation of the mining equipment and so that the scheduling of extraction maximizes the economic value by providing early access to the rich parts of the deposit. However, because of the challenging nature of the problem, practical approaches for finding the best pushbacks strongly depend on the expert criteria to ensure good operational properties. This paper introduces the Advanced Geometrically Constrained Production Scheduling Problem to account for operational space constraints, modeled as truncated cones of extraction. To find the best solution for this problem, we present a parallel genetic algorithm based on a genotype–phenotype model such that the genotype symbolizes the base block of a truncated cone, and the phenotype represents the cone itself. A central computer node evaluates these solutions, collaborating with various secondary nodes that evolve a population of feasible solutions. The PGA’s efficacy was validated using comprehensive test instances from established research. The PGA solution exhibited a consistent average copper grade across periods, with its incremental phases reflecting real-world mine geometry. Moreover, the benefits of the MeanShift clustering technique were evident, suggesting effective phase-based scheduling. The PGA’s approach ensures optimal resource utilization and offers insights into potential avenues for further model enhancements and fine-tuning.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Research on the Grinding Process of Superhard Particles in the Fluidized Bed Opposed Jet Mill Based on the CFD-DEM Methodology
by
Lingling Shen, Xiao Jiang, Xuedong Liu, Hongmei Liu, Siduo Song, Qiuge Han and Xu He
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040437 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The process of superhard particle breakage in the grinding zone of the fluidized bed opposed jet mill is investigated using the CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method) coupling method with the Tavares UFRJ Breakage Model in the present study. The effects of structural
[...] Read more.
The process of superhard particle breakage in the grinding zone of the fluidized bed opposed jet mill is investigated using the CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method) coupling method with the Tavares UFRJ Breakage Model in the present study. The effects of structural and operational parameters, such as target plate structure, nozzle position, air inlet velocity, and feed rate, on the equipment stress distribution, airflow velocity, pressure field, particle velocity, and cumulative particle size distribution are thoroughly studied to determine the optimal structural and operational parameters. Experimental validation is conducted, including scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of particle morphology and analysis of particle size distribution of ground product particles. The simulation results indicate that the wear rate of the structure without a target plate is lower than that of the structure with a target plate in the grinding central zone. Therefore, the structure without a target plate is chosen for further investigation. The cumulative particle size distribution after grinding is influenced by nozzle position, air inlet velocity, and feed rate. The particle D50 is positively correlated with nozzle spacing and feed rate, while it is negatively correlated with air inlet velocity. The optimal grinding effect is achieved when the distance between the nozzle and the center of the grinding zone ranges from 52.5 mm to 72.55 mm, the air inlet velocity is 950 m/s, and the feed rate is 10.5 g/s. Through experimental investigation, it has been observed that when the feed rate is 10 g/s, the particle size distribution becomes more uniform. Furthermore, consistent trends in the cumulative particle size distribution in the experiment and simulation results can be found, which validates the present numerical model. It was observed that particles at low feed rates retain certain angular edges, while particle roundness increases at high feed rates.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Simultaneous U–Pb and U–Th Dating Using LA-ICP-MS for Young (<0.4 Ma) Minerals: A Reappraisal of the Double Dating Approach
by
Hisatoshi Ito
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040436 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Simultaneous U–Pb and U–Th dating using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was performed on the ca. 0.1 Ma Toya tephra and the ca. 0.08 Ma SS14-28 U–Th zircon reference material. In U–Pb dating, both Th/U and Pa/U partitioning between magma and minerals
[...] Read more.
Simultaneous U–Pb and U–Th dating using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was performed on the ca. 0.1 Ma Toya tephra and the ca. 0.08 Ma SS14-28 U–Th zircon reference material. In U–Pb dating, both Th/U and Pa/U partitioning between magma and minerals were considered. In U–Th dating, both abundance sensitivity and molecular interferences on 230Th were reevaluated. As a result, the Toya tephra yielded an accurate weighted mean U–Pb age of 0.103 ± 0.029 Ma (2σ) using zircon and monazite. Conversely, the SS14-28 zircon yielded an inaccurate U–Pb age (0.25 ± 0.10 Ma), which was attributed to low 206Pb signal intensity. Both the Toya tephra zircon and the SS14-28 zircon yielded accurate U–Th model ages of 0.108 ± 0.014 Ma and 0.078 ± 0.007 Ma, respectively. The agreement of U–Pb and U–Th ages for Toya indicates that simultaneous U–Pb and U–Th dating is possible and viable. The inappropriate age of SS14-28 U–Pb age and appropriate U–Th model age also indicates it is preferable to apply both U–Pb and U–Th dating simultaneously for young (<0.4 Ma) zircons to check internal consistency. The proposed double dating approach may be especially useful for small grains when it otherwise would be impossible to obtain multiple ages from a single grain. By adopting simultaneous U–Pb and U–Th dating using LA-ICP-MS, zircon crystallization ages as old as 4.5 Ga to as young as 0.1 Ma (or even younger) can be obtained in a quick and cost-effective manner with a reasonable (~5% at 1σ) uncertainty.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Genesis of the Mahour Base Metal Deposit, Iran: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and Sulfur Isotopes
by
Zahra Moradiani, Majid Ghaderi, Hossein-Ali Tajeddin and Pura Alfonso
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040435 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
The Mahour base metal deposit is located northeast of Badroud in the middle of the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc in the Isfahan province of Iran. The main host rocks to the ores are Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Hypogene ore minerals constituting the main
[...] Read more.
The Mahour base metal deposit is located northeast of Badroud in the middle of the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc in the Isfahan province of Iran. The main host rocks to the ores are Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Hypogene ore minerals constituting the main ore body are galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. In addition to gangue quartz, a variety of supergene minerals comprising gypsum, goethite, hematite, “limonite”, malachite, azurite, covellite, and chalcocite are also present; gangue minerals are quartz, barite, calcite, sericite, and chlorite. Silicification, intermediate argillic, and propylitic are the main wall-rock alteration types. The presence of fluid inclusions with different vapor/liquid ratios in quartz and sphalerite could indicate a boiling process. The primary liquid-rich fluid inclusions suggest that the homogenization temperature was between 107 and 298 °C from fluids with salinities from 1.5 to 13.7 wt.% NaCl equiv. These data suggest that the ore-forming fluids were magmatic with a contribution from meteoric waters. The δ34S values of sulfides range from 1.9 to 3.4‰, those of barite range from 12.1 to 13.2‰, and those of gypsum range from 4.3 to 5.6‰. These data suggest that sulfur was mostly of magmatic origin with a minor contribution from sedimentary rocks. Our data suggest that the boiling of fluids formed an intermediate-sulfidation style of epithermal mineralization for the Mahour deposit.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Porphyry, Epithermal, and Skarn Deposits)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Minerals Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Ceramics, Construction Materials, Geotechnics, Materials, Minerals
Geopolymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications II
Topic Editors: Thomas N. Kerestedjian, Alexander KaramanovDeadline: 30 April 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Minerals, Materials, Energies, Buildings
New Trends in Rock Materials Mechanics and Engineering Geology
Topic Editors: Hang Lin, Yanlin Zhao, Yixian Wang, Yu Chen, Rihong CaoDeadline: 20 May 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Energies, Minerals, Mining, Sustainability
Mining Innovation
Topic Editors: Krzysztof Skrzypkowski, René Gómez, Fhatuwani Sengani, Derek B. Apel, Faham Tahmasebinia, Jianhang ChenDeadline: 1 June 2024
Topic in
Energies, IJERPH, Minerals, Mining, Safety
Exploring the Mine Environment, Safety Risk and Occupational Health
Topic Editors: Chengyu Xie, Jian Zhou, Danial Jahed Armaghani, Qingfa Chen, Wei PanDeadline: 30 June 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Minerals
Microwave Treatment of Minerals and Ores: Heating Behaviours, Applications and Future Directions
Guest Editors: John Forster, Yanlong Zheng, Khashayar TeimooriDeadline: 26 April 2024
Special Issue in
Minerals
Advances in Low-Temperature Mineralogy and Geochemistry
Guest Editors: Iuliu Bobos, Franck BourdelleDeadline: 30 April 2024
Special Issue in
Minerals
Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Coal-Bearing Rocks, 2nd Edition
Guest Editors: Magdalena Misz-Kennan, Monika J. Fabiańska, Justyna Ciesielczuk, Marek SzczerbaDeadline: 24 May 2024
Special Issue in
Minerals
Chemo-Physical Evolution, Microstructural Modifications and Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of Treated Soils of Different Mineralogical Composition
Guest Editors: Giacomo Russo, Enza Vitale, Manuela CecconiDeadline: 31 May 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Minerals
Clays and Other Industrial Mineral Materials
Collection Editors: Manuel Pozo Rodríguez, Francisco Franco, Michael Stamatakis
Topical Collection in
Minerals
Critical Metals and Minerals in Coal and Coal Combustion Products
Collection Editors: Shifeng Dai, David French
Topical Collection in
Minerals
Bioleaching
Collection Editors: Anna Kaksonen, Sabrina Hedrich, Elaine Govender-Opitz, Mario Vera
Topical Collection in
Minerals
New Minerals
Collection Editors: Irina O. Galuskina, Igor V. Pekov, Zhenyu Chen