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Chloride mass balance for estimation of groundwater recharge in a semi-arid catchment of northern Ethiopia

Bilan massique des chlorures pour estimer la recharge des eaux souterraines dans un bassin semi-aride du Nord de l’Ethiopie

Balance de masa de cloruro para la estimación de la recarga de agua subterránea en una cuenca semiárida del Norte de Etiopía

利用氯化物质量平衡估算埃塞俄比亚北部半干旱流域的地下水补给量

Balanço de massa de cloreto para estimativa da recarga de águas subterrâenas em uma bacia semiárida do norte da Etiópia

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Abstract

Limited scientific information has been published on the application of tools in the geographic information system (GIS) environment to understand factors that influence groundwater recharge. The objectives of the research reported here were to understand the spatial variability of factors that influence groundwater recharge using GIS, and to estimate the amount of groundwater recharge and its spatial distribution in Illala catchment, northern Ethiopia. Reconnaissance surveys coupled with satellite imagery were used to collect data related to water, dry-deposition and hydrogeology from the study catchment. The data analysis involved geo-statistics. The chloride mass balance (CMB) method was applied to estimate mean groundwater recharge. The study catchment is distinguished by a semi-arid climate (average aridity index value of 0.35) and it is dominated by limestone-shale-marl intercalation. Mean chloride concentration in rainwater ranges from 0.4 to 1.28 mg/L, while values in dry deposition vary from 1.78 to 1.82 mg/m2. Groundwater and runoff chloride concentration ranges are 1.4–31.96 mg/L and 0.60–1.56 mg/L, respectively. Mean annual groundwater recharge estimated by the CMB method varies from 6.1 to 288.3 mm, and the mean groundwater recharge represents 11.7% of the 548 mm mean annual rainfall. The CMB-derived groundwater recharge estimation showed a nearly comparable value with the recharge estimated by other approaches. More effort should be made to boost groundwater recharge using various recharge enhancing techniques such as constructing artificial recharge wells and water harvesting structures, targeting areas with the lowest recharge.

Résumé

Des informations scientifiques limitées ont été publiées sur l’application d’outils associés à un système d’information géographique (SIG) pour comprendre les facteurs qui influent sur la recharge des eaux souterraines. Les objectifs de la recherche présentés ici étaient de comprendre la variabilité spatiale des facteurs qui influencent la recharge des eaux souterraines à l’aide d’un SIG, et d’estimer la quantité de la recharge et sa distribution spatiale dans le bassin versant de l’Illala, dans le Nord de l’Ethiopie. Des prospections de reconnaissance couplées à l’imagerie satellitaire ont été utilisées pour collecter des données relatives à l’eau, aux dépôts secs et à l’hydrogéologie du bassin versant étudié. L’analyse des données implique la géostatistique. La méthode du bilan massique des chlorures (BMC) a été appliquée pour estimer la recharge moyenne des eaux souterraines. Le bassin étudié se distingue par un climat semi-aride (valeur moyenne de l’indice d’aridité de 0.35) et il est. dominé par des intercalations de calcaires, schistes et marnes. La concentration moyenne en chlorures dans l’eau de pluie varie entre 0.4 et 1.28 mg/L, alors que les valeurs dans les dépôts secs sont comprises entre 1.78 et 1.82 mg/m2. Les concentrations des chlorures des eaux souterraines et d’eaux de ruissellement s’étendent sur une gamme de valeurs comprises entre 1.4 et 31.96 mg/L et entre 0.60 et 1.56 mg/L, respectivement. La recharge annuelle moyenne des eaux souterraines estimée par la méthode BMC varie de 6.1 à 288.3 mm, et elle représente 11.7% des précipitations annuelles moyennes qui s’élèvent à 548 mm. L’estimation de la recharge des eaux souterraines à partir de la méthode BMC indique une valeur presque comparable avec la recharge estimée par d’autres approches. Des efforts supplémentaires devraient être déployés pour stimuler la recharge des eaux souterraines à l’aide de diverses techniques, telles que la construction de puits pour la recharge artificielle et de structures de collecte d’eau, en ciblant les zones ayant la plus faible recharge.

Resumen

Se publicó una limitada información científica sobre la aplicación de herramientas en el entorno de un sistema de información geográfica (SIG) para comprender los factores que influyen en la recarga del agua subterránea. Los objetivos de la investigación en este trabajo fueron comprender la variabilidad espacial de los factores que influyen en la recarga del agua subterránea utilizando SIG, y estimar la cantidad de recarga del agua subterránea y su distribución espacial en la cuenca de Illala, al norte de Etiopía. Los relevamientos de reconocimiento junto con las imágenes de satélite se utilizaron para recolectar datos relacionados con el agua, la deposición seca y la hidrogeología de la cuenca del estudio. El análisis de datos involucró datos geoestadísticos. El método de balance de masa de cloruro (CMB) se aplicó para estimar la recarga media del agua subterránea. La cuenca de estudio se distingue por un clima semiárido (valor de índice de aridez promedio de 0.35) y está dominado por la intercalación de caliza-pizarra-marga. La concentración promedio de cloruro en el agua de lluvia oscila entre 0.4 y 1.28 mg/L, mientras que los valores en la deposición seca varían de 1.78 a 1.82 mg/m2. Los rangos de concentración del agua subterránea y del agua de escorrentía son 1.4–31.96 mg/L y 0.60–1.56 mg/L, respectivamente. La recarga media anual del agua subterránea estimada por el método CMB varía de 6.1 a 288.3 mm, y la recarga media del agua subterránea representa el 11.7% de la precipitación media anual de 548 mm. La estimación de recarga del agua subterránea derivada de CMB mostró un valor casi comparable con la recarga estimada por otros enfoques. Deberían realizarse más esfuerzos para aumentar la recarga del agua subterránea utilizando diversas técnicas de mejora de la recarga, como la construcción de pozos de recarga artificial y estructuras de captación de agua, dirigidas a las áreas con la recarga más baja.

摘要

有关地理信息系统环境下应用工具了解影响地下水补给因素的科学信息发表的有限。这里所论述的研究的目的就是利用地理信息系统了解影响地下水补给的因素的空间变化,估算埃塞俄比亚北部Illala流域地下水补给量以及空间分布。利用勘测和卫星图像收集研究区有关水、干沉积和水文地质方面的数据。数据分析设计到地质统计学。应用氯化物质量平衡法估算平均地下水补给力量。研究区气候特征为半干旱(平均干旱指数值为0.35),石灰岩-页岩-泥灰夹层为主。雨水中的平均氯化物浓度为0.4 至 1.28 mg/L,而干沉积值1.78 to 1.82 mg/m2。地下水和径流的氯化物浓度分别为1.4–31.96 mg/L 及 0.60–1.56 mg/L。通过氯化物质量平衡法估算的平均年地下水补给量6.1 至 288.3 mm,平均地下水补给量占平均每年降雨量548 mm 的11。7%。通过氯化物质量平衡法得到的地下水补给量估算数显示与其他方法估算出的补给量几乎一致。应该进一步努力采用各种补给增强技术诸如建设人工补给井和集水设施,把补给量最少的地区作为重点目标。

Resumo

Informações cientificas limitadas tem sido publicadas sobre a aplicação de ferramentas no ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para entender os fatores que influenciam a recarga das águas subterrâneas. Os objetivos da pesquisa aqui relatados foram comprender a variabilidade espacial de fatores que influenciam a recarga das águas subterrâneas usando SIG e estimar a quantiadade de recarga e sua distribuição espacial na bacia Illala, norte da Etiópia. Pesquisas de reconhecimento combinada com imagens de sateleite foram usadas para coletar dados relacionados a água, depoisção seca e hidrogeologia da bacia do estudo. A analise de dados envolveu geoestatística. O método de balanço de masssa de cloreto (BMC) foi aplicado para estimar a recarga média das águas subterrâneas. A bacia em estudo é caracterizada por um clima semiárido (valor médio do índice de ridez de 0.35) e é dominada pela intercalação de marga e xisto calcário. A concentração média de cloreto na água da chuva variou de 0.4 a 1.28 mg/L, enquanto valores da depoisição seca variaram de 1.78 a 1.82 mg/m2. O intervalo da concentração de cloreto nas águas subterrâneas e no escoamento são 1.4–31.96 mg/L e 0.60–1.56 mg/L, respectivamente. A recarga média anual etimada pelo método BMC varia de 6.1 a 288.3 mm e a recarga média representa 11.7% da precipitação média anual de 548 mm. A estimativa de recarga derivada de BMC mostrou um valor comparavel com a recarga estimada com outras abordagens. Mais esforçoes devem ser feitos para aumentar a recarga da água subterrâneas usando várias técnicas de melhoria de recarga artificial, como a construção de poços de recarga e estruturas de capitação de água, visando áreas com menor recarga.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the people in Illala catchment who participated during data collection and the local development agents and administration at different levels, for the success of this research project. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ethiopian meteorological services of Mekelle branch office and Tekeze Deep Well Drilling Company who provided their support during the study. The authors are also grateful to Aksum University (Ethiopia) for the support given for the 1st author.

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The authors are grateful for the financial support of the Ethiopian Ministry of Education.

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Gebru, T.A., Tesfahunegn, G.B. Chloride mass balance for estimation of groundwater recharge in a semi-arid catchment of northern Ethiopia. Hydrogeol J 27, 363–378 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1845-8

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