Journal Description
Minerals
Minerals
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of natural mineral systems, mineral resources, mining, and mineral processing. Minerals is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), GeoRef, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Mining & Mineral Processing) / CiteScore - Q2 (Geology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: Mining
Impact Factor:
2.5 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022)
Latest Articles
Geochemical Characteristics and Sedimentary Paleoenvironment of the Coal-Bearing Strata in the Xishanyao Formation: A Case Study of the Yihua Coal Mine in the Zhundong Coalfield, Xinjiang
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050461 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The eastern Junggar Basin in Xinjiang harbors abundant coal resources within the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation. However, the formation environment associated with these coal-bearing strata remains unclear. Geochemical characteristics serve as crucial geological indicators of the sedimentary period. Therefore, it is imperative to
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The eastern Junggar Basin in Xinjiang harbors abundant coal resources within the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation. However, the formation environment associated with these coal-bearing strata remains unclear. Geochemical characteristics serve as crucial geological indicators of the sedimentary period. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the geochemical attributes and sedimentary context of the coal-rich layers within the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation in the Zhundong region to enhance the prospects of coal extraction and utilization. The elemental compositions, both major and trace, of the Xishanyao Formation were analyzed through X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the sediment provenance, tectonic background, and depositional environment of the coal-bearing strata in the Xishanyao Formation. Moreover, through the utilization of a range of discrimination indices, including Sr/Cu, B/Ga, Sr/Ba, V/Cr, Ni/Co, and δCe, the paleo-depositional setting of the coal-containing layers was reconstructed. The findings suggest that the primary source rocks of the coal-bearing beds in the Xishanyao Formation consist of continental tholeiites, with the predominant material composition in the source region being felsic volcanic rocks originating from the upper crust. The tectonic backdrop of the source region is marked by a continental island arc environment. During the sedimentation period of the Xishanyao Formation, the depositional environment was characterized by a freshwater oxidizing setting. Additionally, it experienced a transition from arid-hot to humid-hot before returning to arid-hot conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Coal-Bearing Rocks, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of the Durability of Concrete with the Use of Calcined Clays and Limestone in Salinas, Ecuador
by
Juan Francisco Garces-Vargas, Yosvany Díaz-Cardenas and Jose Fernando Martirena Hernandez
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050460 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study aims at the evaluation of different formulations of concrete made with calcined clays and limestone (LC3 cement) exposed to aggressive environments. The study includes the evaluation of fresh and hardened properties and a comprehensive evaluation of durability over 24 months. The
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This study aims at the evaluation of different formulations of concrete made with calcined clays and limestone (LC3 cement) exposed to aggressive environments. The study includes the evaluation of fresh and hardened properties and a comprehensive evaluation of durability over 24 months. The inclusion of calcined clays in cement increases the specific surface area of the cements, and thus the water demand. However, the high reactivity of calcined clays compared to any other pozzolan, and the synergy that occurs with limestones, enables the use of cements with very low clinker content that achieve strengths similar to those of Portland. Comparisons of LC3 formulations with Portland cement and with concrete containing silica fume prove the superiority of calcined clays in terms of strength and durability. The best results are obtained with LC3-50 cement with 50% clinker produced through co-grinding. Results of concrete made with a blend of 70% Portland cement with 30% LC2 (60% calcined clay, 35% limestone, 5% gypsum, separate ground) are also promising. All concretes made with LC3 show good durability in terms of the results of effective porosity, chloride permeability, and resistivity tests.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Clay-Based Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Dynamic Climate Influence on Magnesium Isotope Variation in Saline Lacustrine Dolomite: A Case Study of the Qianjiang Formation, Jianghan Basin
by
Tianyu Wang, Kun Ling, Ren Wei and Lin Dong
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050459 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The investigation of magnesium (Mg) isotopes in dolomite has mainly focused on marine dolomite environments, leaving a significant gap in the understanding of their dynamics within lacustrine settings, especially in saline lake basins. In this study, a total of 16 sediment core samples
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The investigation of magnesium (Mg) isotopes in dolomite has mainly focused on marine dolomite environments, leaving a significant gap in the understanding of their dynamics within lacustrine settings, especially in saline lake basins. In this study, a total of 16 sediment core samples from Well BX-7 in the Qianjiang Depression were sequentially selected for scanning electron microscope observation, whole-rock analysis for major and minor elements, and isotopic measurements including δ18Ocarb, δ13Ccarb, δ26Mgdol, and δ26MgSi. In addition, two intact cores were subjected to detailed analysis on the centimeter scale. Sedimentation models were established to elucidate dolomite formation under contrasting climatic conditions, specifically humid climates with a significant riverine Mg input versus relatively dry conditions with a lower Mg input. Furthermore, a quantitative model was developed to assess the magnesium flux and isotopic mass balance within lacustrine systems, simulating the magnesium isotope variations in lake water under different climatic scenarios. The dolomite sample data at a smaller scale (sampling interval ≈ 3~5 mm) demonstrate a consistent trend with the established model, providing additional confirmation of its reliability. Dolomite precipitated under humid climatic conditions exhibits a lower and relatively stable δ26Mgdol, lower δ18O, and higher CIA, indicating higher river inputs and relatively stable Mg isotope values of lake water controlled by river input. Nevertheless, dolomite formed under relatively dry climatic conditions shows a relatively high δ26Mgdol, higher δ18O, and lower CIA, suggesting reduced river inputs and weathering intensity, as well as relatively high magnesium isotope values of the lake water controlled by dolomite precipitation. This study contributes to the understanding of magnesium isotopes in lacustrine dolomite systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sedimentary Basins: Sedimentation, Stratigraphy, Petrology and Tectonics)
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Open AccessArticle
Nephrite from Xinjiang Qiemo Margou Deposit: Gemological and Geochemical Insights
by
Ting Fang, Yuan Chang and Mingxing Yang
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050458 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The nephrite belt in the Altun Mountain–Western Kunlun Mountain region, which extends about 1300 km in Xinjiang, NW China, is the largest nephrite deposit in the world. The Qiemo region in the Altun Mountains is a crucial nephrite-producing area in China, with demonstrated
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The nephrite belt in the Altun Mountain–Western Kunlun Mountain region, which extends about 1300 km in Xinjiang, NW China, is the largest nephrite deposit in the world. The Qiemo region in the Altun Mountains is a crucial nephrite-producing area in China, with demonstrated substantial prospects for future exploration. While existing research has extensively investigated secondary nephrite deposits in the Karakash River and native black nephrite deposits in Guangxi Dahua, a comprehensive investigation of black nephrite from original deposits in Xinjiang is lacking. Margou black-toned nephrite was recently found in primary deposits in Qiemo County, Xinjiang; this makes in-depth research on the characteristics of this mine necessary. A number of technical analytical methods such as polarizing microscopy, Ultra-Deep Three-Dimensional Microscope, electron microprobe, back-scattered electron image analysis, X-ray fluorescence, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were employed for this research. An experimental test was conducted to elucidate the chemical and mineralogical composition, further clarifying the genetic types of the black and black cyan nephrite from the Margou deposit in Qiemo, Xinjiang. The results reveal that the nephrite is mainly composed of tremolite–actinolite, characterized by Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios ranging from 0.86 to 1.0. Minor minerals include diopside, epidote, pargasite, apatite, zircon, pyrite, and magnetite. Bulk-rock rare earth element (REE) patterns exhibit distinctive features, such as negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.00–0.17), decreasing light REEs, a relatively flat distribution of heavy REEs, and low total REE concentrations (1.6–38.9 μg/g); furthermore, the Cr (6–21 μg/g) and Ni (2.5–4.5 μg/g) contents are remarkably low. The magmatic influence of granite appears to be a fundamental factor in the genesis of the magnesian skarn hosting Margou nephrite. The distinctive black and black cyan colors are attributed to heightened iron content, mainly associated with FeO (0.08~6.29 wt.%). Analyses of the chemical composition allow Margou nephrite to be classified as typical of magnesian skarn deposits.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gem Deposits: Mineralogical and Gemological Aspects, 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
In Situ Geochemical Evaluation of Retrograde Hydration Effects in the Peri-Siberian Forearc Mantle (Khara-Nur and Alag-Khadny Peridotite Complexes)
by
Anas A. Karimov, Marina A. Gornova, Vasiliy A. Belyaev, Sergei Yu. Skuzovatov, Alexander Ya. Medvedev and Nikolay V. Bryanskiy
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050457 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
In order to assess the geochemical effects of retrograde metamorphic rehydration, fluid metasomatism, and the fluid-mobile elements (FMEs) budget in the case of oceanic and continental subduction, we report the petrography, bulk, and in situ LA-ICP-MS trace-element data for the two poorly studied
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In order to assess the geochemical effects of retrograde metamorphic rehydration, fluid metasomatism, and the fluid-mobile elements (FMEs) budget in the case of oceanic and continental subduction, we report the petrography, bulk, and in situ LA-ICP-MS trace-element data for the two poorly studied ophiolites in the northern (Khara-Nur, Eastern Sayan, Russia) and central (Alag-Khadny accretionary wedge, SW Mongolia) parts of the peri-Siberian orogenic framing. Both complexes are relics of the ancient oceanic mantle, which was subjected to processes of partial melting, metasomatism, and retrograde metamorphism. Typical mineral assemblages include olivine + orthopyroxene + chlorite + tremolite ± secondary olivine (640–800 °C), olivine + antigorite ± secondary clinopyroxene (<640 °C), and olivine + chrysotile ± secondary clinopyroxene (<250 °C) and are stable at pressures up to 2 GPa. Hydration and partial serpentinization of mantle peridotites lead to tremolite formation after orthopyroxene, followed by olivine replacement by antigorite. Serpentine-group minerals (antigorite and chrysotile) were distinguished by Raman spectroscopy, and the contents of incompatible elements (mobile and immobile in fluids) in metamorphic minerals (tremolite, antigorite, and chrysotile) were examined in situ by LA-ICP-MS. The behavior of conservative HFSE (Zr, Nb, Ta, and Ti) and—in part—HREE does not distinguish between the two types (oceanic and continental) of subduction environments. Different patterns of FMEs (Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Sb, Pb, Sr, and LREE) enrichment in metaperidotites reflect variations in the slab fluid composition, which was primarily governed by the contrasting nature of subducted lithologies. The affinity of Alag-Khadny to the subduction of a continental margin is recorded by increased FME contents and selective enrichment by some moderately mobile elements, such as U, Th, and LREE, with respect to the oceanic-type subduction environment of Khara-Nur. Distinct patterns of FME enrichment in tremolite and antigorite from two complexes indicate different sequences of fluid-induced replacement, which was controlled by Opx composition. We demonstrate that evaluation of the initial composition of precursor minerals affected by multi-stage melting and melt metasomatism should be considered with care to estimate the differential fluid overprint and associated elemental uptake from subduction fluids.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)
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In-Situ Geochemical and Rb–Sr Dating Analysis of Sulfides from a Gold Deposit Offshore of Northern Sanshandao, Jiaodong Peninsula, North China: Implications for Gold Mineralization
by
Jiepeng Tian, Jinhui Wang, Tongliang Tian, Ligong Wang, Yingpeng Wang, Xiaowei Yu, Wen Zhang, Tianlong Ren and Bin Sun
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050456 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The gold deposit offshore of Northern Sanshandao is an ultra-large-scale gold deposit discovered in the Jiaodong ore area in recent years. This deposit is a fractured-zone altered-rock-type gold deposit; however, its ore genesis and precise mineralization processes are still highly controversial. Based on
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The gold deposit offshore of Northern Sanshandao is an ultra-large-scale gold deposit discovered in the Jiaodong ore area in recent years. This deposit is a fractured-zone altered-rock-type gold deposit; however, its ore genesis and precise mineralization processes are still highly controversial. Based on petrographical observation, the trace elements, sulfur isotopes, and rubidium–strontium isotopes of the gold-bearing pyrite were analyzed using LA-MC-ICP-MS to obtain the source of the ore-forming fluids and ore genesis. The results show that Au has a good positive correlation with Ag, As, and Cu. It is speculated that the As in the pyrite of the gold deposit offshore of Northern Sanshandao is in the form of As−, replacing S− and entering the pyrite, causing its lattice defects, and thus promoting the entry of Au+ into the gold-bearing pyrite. The Co/Ni ratios mainly range between 0.1 and 10, indicating that the mineralization process has experienced different forms of hydrothermal evolution and the mixing of different fluids. The results of the in-situ sulfur isotope analysis show that pyrite δ34S in the mineralization period is characterized by a high sulfur value. The authors of this study believe that the initial sulfur isotope composition has mantle-derived components. The large-scale, deep cutting, and high degree of fragmentation in the Sanshandao fault zone are conducive to the interaction between fluids and rocks, as well as the mixing and addition of seawater, resulting in the characteristic high δ34S value. The Sr isotopic compositions indicate a crust–mantle mixing attribute of the mineralized material source. The Rb–Sr isochron age of the pyrite is 118.5 ± 0.65 Ma, which represents the age of gold mineralization. According to the characteristics of the trace elements and sulfur isotopes, it is inferred that the gold deposit minerals offshore of Northern Sanshandao originated from deep magmatic-hydrothermal reservoirs, and the mixing of seawater and Au–As-rich hydrothermal fluids was the formation mechanism of huge amounts of gold precipitation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Method (Geo-) Thermochronology and Trace Elements Tracing Magmatism, Mineralization and Tectonic Evolution)
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Open AccessArticle
Electrochemical Behavior of Natural Manganese Oxides: Transforming Mining Waste into Energy Storage Materials
by
George Soulamidis, Maria Kourmousi, Christiana A. Mitsopoulou and Christina Stouraiti
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050455 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The present research explores the potential of manganese oxide waste ore in energy storage applications, focusing on supercapacitors. The investigation assesses the electrochemical capabilities of natural manganese oxides obtained from the Drama region, which has been the main mining center of Greece for
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The present research explores the potential of manganese oxide waste ore in energy storage applications, focusing on supercapacitors. The investigation assesses the electrochemical capabilities of natural manganese oxides obtained from the Drama region, which has been the main mining center of Greece for manganese ore, especially that of battery-grade quality. Samples were collected from abandoned mining sites in the Kato Nevrokopi area, Drama. The structure and composition of the manganese minerals were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical tests involved the preparation of electrodes using natural nsutite and heat-treated nsutite (hausmannite). Then, the designed electrodes were subjected to cyclic voltammetry tests and charge–discharge measurements. The hausmannite electrode exhibited a higher specific capacitance of 667 F/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g, and the electrode material retained 98.3% of its initial capacitance after 1000 cycles. This study provides new perspectives on simple and efficient methods for transforming natural nsutite material from mining waste to hausmannite with greater structural homogeneity and better electrochemical behavior.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration, Mining, and Processing of Minerals: Enabling the Clean Energy Transition)
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The Measurement Reliability of δ13C of Dissolved Organic Carbon: A Validation for Speleothem Samples
by
Gang Xue, Yanjun Cai, Peng Cheng, Le Ma, Xing Cheng, Shouyi Huang and Yanbin Lu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050454 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon (δ13CDOC) in speleothems, based on high-precision U-Th ages, has great potential to reconstruct past ecology, microbial activity, and carbon cycling. Identifying the reliability of the pretreatment and measurement of speleothem δ
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The carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon (δ13CDOC) in speleothems, based on high-precision U-Th ages, has great potential to reconstruct past ecology, microbial activity, and carbon cycling. Identifying the reliability of the pretreatment and measurement of speleothem δ13CDOC is therefore essential to putting it into practice. Actually, we have previously verified the reliability of the method for speleothem δ13CDOC measurements. However, it was only based on the final δ13CDOC values of homogeneous speleothem powder and is unable to evaluate the effects of different experimental conditions and the impacts of adding acid on δ13CDOC if using speleothem as the study samples. In this study, we used an organic reagent (potassium sorbate) as the study sample and designed a conditional experiment that simulates the protocols for speleothem δ13CDOC analysis and presented the resulting data to inspect the effects of the experimental processes on the analysis of δ13CDOC. The results show that the standard deviation of duplicate samples is 0.1‰, which is close to that of the previous work for organic reagents and water samples, and the results were not affected by different experimental conditions and operation steps (such as adding orthophosphoric acid, digestion time, and storage duration of resulting CO2 in storage vessels), suggesting that this method is robust to detect the speleothem δ13CDOC. Considering the range and standard deviation of results, we proposed that the δ13CDOC record could be used in various studies when the amplitudes of the δ13CDOC record are larger than 0.1‰, especially greater than 0.4‰.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stalagmite Geochemistry and Its Paleoenvironmental Implication)
Open AccessArticle
Coupled Processes at Micro- and Macroscopic Levels for Long-Term Performance Assessment Studies of Nuclear Waste Repositories
by
Hua Shao, Eike Radeisen, Jürgen Hesser, Wenqing Wang and Olaf Kolditz
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050453 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Performance assessment of nuclear waste repositories requires state-of-the-art knowledge of radionuclide transport properties. Additionally, the short-term development under thermal pulses and the long-term development of the near field—due to influences such as gas generation—must be evaluated. Key thermal-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes are strongly coupled on
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Performance assessment of nuclear waste repositories requires state-of-the-art knowledge of radionuclide transport properties. Additionally, the short-term development under thermal pulses and the long-term development of the near field—due to influences such as gas generation—must be evaluated. Key thermal-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes are strongly coupled on different spatial and temporal scales. To understand these coupling mechanisms, numerous material models and numerical codes have been developed. However, the existing constitutive approaches—which have been adapted to describe small-scale laboratory experiments and validated against real-scale field observations—are often unable to capture long-term material behavior with sufficient precision. To build the confidence, a more comprehensive understanding of the system at micro- and macroscopic scales is required. Most observed macroscopic processes result from microscopic changes in the crystal structure and/or crystalline aggregates, as well as changes in material properties under the influence of various factors. To characterize these physical fields in crystals, microscopic investigations, such as visualization, or geophysical methods are introduced to verify the understanding at the microscale. Two cases are demonstrated for the presented concept using microscale information: one deals with the mechanically and thermally driven migration of fluid inclusions in rock salt, the other with dilatancy-controlled gas transport in water-saturated clay material.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implications of THMC Processes on Long-Term Safety of Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste)
Open AccessReview
Igneous Diversity of the Early Martian Crust
by
Valerie Payré, Arya Udry and Abigail A. Fraeman
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050452 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Mars missions and Martian meteorites revealed how complex the Martian crust is. The occurrence of both alkaline and sub-alkaline igneous rocks of Noachian age (>3.7 Ga) in Gale crater indicates diverse magmatic processes, with sub-alkaline rocks likely formed through the partial melting of
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Mars missions and Martian meteorites revealed how complex the Martian crust is. The occurrence of both alkaline and sub-alkaline igneous rocks of Noachian age (>3.7 Ga) in Gale crater indicates diverse magmatic processes, with sub-alkaline rocks likely formed through the partial melting of hydrous mafic rocks, as commonly observed on Earth. The orbital discovery of excavated evolved igneous rocks scattered in Noachian terrains raise questions about the petrology of the ancient Martian crust, long thought to be basaltic. A possibly evolved crust beneath a mafic cover is supported by geophysical and seismic measurements from the Insight lander that indicate the bulk crust has a lower density than expected if it were homogeneously basaltic. If localized magmatic processes could form evolved terrains, the detection of abundant intermediate to felsic Noachian crustal exposures through remote sensing suggest regional- to global-scale processes that produced evolved crustal component(s) that are now buried below mafic materials. Due to the lack of centimetric to millimetric textural imaging and compositional measurements, the petrology of such crust is ambiguous. Future orbiter, rover, and aerial missions should focus on Noachian exposed regions exhibiting evolved crustal characteristics to unfold the petrology of the Martian crust and its formation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Mars: Everything You Need to Know about the Red Planet)
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Effect of Fractionation Columns on the Elution of Rare Earth Elements Recovered from Acid Mine Drainage
by
Gabriela Cordeiro Silva, Clauson Souza, Pedro Augusto Possa Vicente Sacramento Ferreira, Liliani Pacheco Tavares Nazareth and Ana Claudia Queiroz Ladeira
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050451 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) can be found in expressive contents in different secondary sources, such as acid mine drainage (AMD). This work evaluated separation of light and heavy rare earth elements (REE) from an acid mine drainage (AMD) generated in a former uranium
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Rare earth elements (REE) can be found in expressive contents in different secondary sources, such as acid mine drainage (AMD). This work evaluated separation of light and heavy rare earth elements (REE) from an acid mine drainage (AMD) generated in a former uranium mine in Brazil by using ion exchange. This AMD presents pH 3.50, total REE content of 97 mg L−1 and 1.3 g L−1 of sulfate and was used in the REE loading experiments. Loading experiments were carried out in columns using a commercial strong acid cation (SAC) exchange resin. Elution was performed with 0.01 mol L−1 NH4EDTA in systems with one, two and three columns. Regarding the loading step, the resin presented a total loading capacity of 0.58 mmol g−1. The resin proved to be more selective for light REE with adsorption efficiency of 78% and 48% for heavy REE. Regarding elution, high efficiencies between 90 and 100% were achieved for REE. The final REE solution is approximately 10 times more concentrated in the liquor related to the acid mine water. Better fractionation results were achieved for the system with three columns. Although the complete separation of the REE into pure elements was not possible, two distinct fractions of heavy and light REE could be obtained, and La was completely separated from the other REE. In order to improve fractionation and separate the REE into individual ones, the concentrated fractions can proceed to subsequent ion exchange systems.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Management of Mine Waters)
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A Highly Resolved Speleothem δ13C Record from Central China and Its Manifestation on Multiple Time Scales during the Last Glacial
by
Qingmin Chen, Xing Cheng, Li Deng, Kaikai He, Wenshuo Zhang, Gang Xue, Zeke Zhang, Le Ma, Gaohong Wang, Hai Cheng and R. Lawrence Edwards
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050450 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Speleothem δ13C in monsoonal China differs from speleothem δ18O, which is widely used as a climatic proxy for several complex control reasons. Nevertheless, δ13C records have the potential to reveal the implications of hydroclimatic changes. This study
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Speleothem δ13C in monsoonal China differs from speleothem δ18O, which is widely used as a climatic proxy for several complex control reasons. Nevertheless, δ13C records have the potential to reveal the implications of hydroclimatic changes. This study reports a speleothem δ13C record from Didonghe (DDH) Cave in central China spanning 34 to 13 kyr BP. After we investigated the factors that influence speleothem δ13C, we found that the δ13C record showed that DDH Cave can prompt directional shifts via local hydroclimatic changes, such as in vegetation types, biomass, and rock–water interaction processes, suggesting that δ13C is mainly controlled by the local hydroclimate. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) results revealed a coupling relationship between δ18O and δ13C on multiple timescales, which suggested that changes in precipitation caused by large-scale monsoonal circulation are controlled by regional hydrological conditions to a great extent. However, the hydrological conditions of the cave were relatively mild and humid during the last glacial maximum (LGM), which revealed the impact of evaporation on changes in the region’s hydrological conditions. We also found that the δ18O and δ13C profiles decoupled when δ13C changed with a shift in the location of the westerly during HS1. The δ13C record correlates well with other paleoclimate records, suggesting that regional hydrological conditions are also modulated by the Earth’s internal and external driving factors.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stalagmite Geochemistry and Its Paleoenvironmental Implication)
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Metabasites from the Central East Kunlun Orogenic Belt Inform a New Suture Model for Subduction and Collision in the Early Paleozoic Proto-Tethys Ocean
by
Feng Chang, Guibin Zhang, Lu Xiong, Shuaiqi Liu, Shuzhen Wang and Yixuan Liu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050449 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The discovery of eclogite outcrops in the East Kunlun Orogen Belt (EKOB) has confirmed the existence of an Early Paleozoic HP-UHP metamorphic belt. However, the protoliths and metamorphic histories of widespread metabasites remain poorly constrained. We collected three types of metabasites from the
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The discovery of eclogite outcrops in the East Kunlun Orogen Belt (EKOB) has confirmed the existence of an Early Paleozoic HP-UHP metamorphic belt. However, the protoliths and metamorphic histories of widespread metabasites remain poorly constrained. We collected three types of metabasites from the central part of EKOB. We present an integrated study of petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopes, estimated P–T conditions, and zircon U-Pb isotope ages. The results show that amphibolites and retrograde eclogites have clockwise P–T paths with peak conditions of, respectively, 11–12 kbar and 675–695 °C, and 21.5–22.2 kbar and 715–750 °C. Zircon dating of metabasites from Dagele yields Late Ordovician (~449 Ma) to Early Silurian (~440 Ma) protolith ages and Early Devonian (~414 Ma) amphibolite facies metamorphic ages. Retrograde eclogites from east Nuomuhong have a protolith age of ~902 Ma and metamorphic ages of ~418 Ma, consistent with other eclogites from East Kunlun. Our data suggest that the protoliths of Dagele metabasites represent arc-type magmatism during the subduction of a small back-arc oceanic basin. Instead, the protoliths of retrograde eclogites are Neoproterozoic tholeiitic basalts emplaced into continental crust and subsequently deeply subducted. We develop a new model for Early Paleozoic subduction and collision in the East Kunlun region, emphasizing the role of ‘dominant’ and ‘secondary’ suture boundaries. This model helps explain the ages and metamorphic histories of the metabasites studied here and offers new perspectives on the evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Petrology: Metamorphic Evolution of Eclogite)
Open AccessArticle
Minerals of the Au-Cu-Ag System in Grains from the Placers of the Olkhovaya-1 River (Eastern Kamchatka, Russia)
by
Galina A. Palyanova, Tatiana V. Beliaeva, Dmitry P. Savelyev and Yurii V. Seryotkin
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050448 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Heterogeneous grains in the heavy fractions of the placers of the Olkhovaya-1 river (Kamchatka Cape Peninsula, Eastern Kamchatka, Russia) containing Au-Ag, Au-Cu, and Au-Ag-Cu particles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, and X-ray powder diffractometry. The analyses showed that auricupride dominates
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Heterogeneous grains in the heavy fractions of the placers of the Olkhovaya-1 river (Kamchatka Cape Peninsula, Eastern Kamchatka, Russia) containing Au-Ag, Au-Cu, and Au-Ag-Cu particles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis, and X-ray powder diffractometry. The analyses showed that auricupride dominates in some grains, whereas in others, the main phases are tetra-auricupride or Ag-rich and (or) Au-rich alloys. It was revealed that in the central parts of some grains of exsolution structures, auricupride Cu3.04–2.74Au0.96–1.26 (Ag < 1 wt.%) occurs in intergrowths with low-fineness Ag0.86–0.67Au0.09–0.33Cu<0.05 solid solutions (160‰–480‰), and tetra-auricupride Cu1.12–0.87Au0.88–1.11Ag<0.02 (Ag < 2 wt.%) occurs with higher-fineness Au0.73–0.62Ag0.2–0.38Cu<0.07 solid solutions (520‰–850‰). We also observed, mainly in the peripheral parts of the grains, insignificant amounts of secondary phases that were compositionally similar to Cu2Au, Cu3Au2, Au3Cu2, Au2Cu, Au3Cu, high-fineness gold with impurities of Cu and occasionally Ag (>850‰), and pure gold. In intergrowths with auricupride and tetra-auricupride, we also observed earlier-formed silicates (garnet, pyroxene, chlorite, epidote, titanite), syngenetic sulfides (pyrrhotite, bornite, galena), and later minerals (chalcocite, covellite, anilite, cuprite, goethite, etc.). The XRD analysis of the peripheral parts of some grains showed the presence of auricupride (Cu3Au), tetra-auricupride CuAu (I) and Cu(Au0.92Ag0.08) (II), and gold. The profiles show the absence of peaks of the Au3Cu phase and other Au-Ag-Cu phases identified by the EMPA, which is likely due to their low concentrations in the samples or their structural similarity to gold. It is assumed that the probable source of Au-Ag-Cu mineralization in the Olkhovaya-1 river placers is located in the upper reaches of watercourses that erode the ultrabasic massif of Mounts Soldatskaya and Golaya (Kamchatka Cape Peninsula).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Native Gold as a Specific Indicator Mineral for Gold Deposits, 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Agate Mineralization in Paleoproterozoic Organic Carbon-Rich Sedimentary Rocks of the Onega Basin (NW Russia): Insights into Genesis
by
Evgeniya N. Svetova, Sergei A. Svetov and Oleg B. Lavrov
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050447 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this contribution, we present the results of mineralogical investigation of the agates in Paleoproterozoic organic carbon-rich sedimentary rocks within the Onega Basin (Fennoscandian shield, Russia) aimed at reconstructing the agate-forming processes. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, EDS microanalysis, thermal analysis, X-ray powder
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In this contribution, we present the results of mineralogical investigation of the agates in Paleoproterozoic organic carbon-rich sedimentary rocks within the Onega Basin (Fennoscandian shield, Russia) aimed at reconstructing the agate-forming processes. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, EDS microanalysis, thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and carbon isotope analysis were used for the study. Three main varieties of agates differing in morphology and texture were identified, including concentrically zoned nodules, fine-banded, and carbon-rich moss agates. Mineralogical evidence indicates the participation of hydrothermal fluids in agate formation. Concentrically zoned nodules could be formed due to the dissolution of carbonate concretions in the organic carbon-rich siltstones and their silicification as a result of late hydrothermal processes. Fine-banded vein agates occur in stockworks crosscutting organic carbon-rich rocks and are widely accompanied by sulfides, selenides, carbonates, sulfates, and iron oxides. Carbonaceous matter in moss agates is present as poorly ordered carbon and is characterized by a low δ13Corg value (−25.64‰), suggesting a biogenic origin. Raman spectroscopy data showed an elevated amount of moganite besides alpha quartz in the concentrically zoned nodules compared to other agate varieties, indicating different ages of the mineralization processes. We suggest that the revealed varieties of agates were formed at different stages of long-term hydrothermal processes occurring in the Onega Basin.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Origin of Agate: An Ongoing Challenge)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Sensor Technologies for Safety Monitoring in Mine Tailings Storage Facilities: Solutions in the Industry 4.0 Era
by
Carlos Cacciuttolo, Valentina Guzmán, Patricio Catriñir and Edison Atencio
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050446 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The recent tailings storage facility (TSF) dam failures recorded around the world have concerned society in general, forcing the mining industry to improve its operating standards, invest greater economic resources, and implement the best available technologies (BATs) to control TSFs for safety purposes
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The recent tailings storage facility (TSF) dam failures recorded around the world have concerned society in general, forcing the mining industry to improve its operating standards, invest greater economic resources, and implement the best available technologies (BATs) to control TSFs for safety purposes and avoid spills, accidents, and collapses. In this context, and as the era of digitalization and Industry 4.0 continues, monitoring technologies based on sensors have become increasingly common in the mining industry. This article studies the state of the art of implementing sensor technologies to monitor structural health and safety management issues in TSFs, highlighting advances and experiences through a review of the scientific literature on the topic. The methodology applied in this article adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and utilizes scientific maps for data visualization. To do so, three steps were implemented: (i) a quantitative bibliometric analysis, (ii) a qualitative systematic review of the literature, and (iii) a mixed review to integrate the findings from (i) and (ii). As a result, this article presents the main advances, gaps, and future trends regarding the main characteristics of the sensor technologies applied to monitor TSF structural health and safety management in the era of digitalization. According to the results, the existing research predominantly investigates certain TSF sensor technologies, such as wireless real-time monitoring, remote sensors (RS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned survey vessels (USVs), artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing (CC), and Internet of Things (IoT) approaches, among others. These technologies stand out for their potential to improve the safety management monitoring of mine tailings, which is particularly significant in the context of climate change-related hazards, and to reduce the risk of TSF failures. They are recognized as emerging smart mining solutions with reliable, simple, scalable, secure, and competitive characteristics.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tailings Dams: Design, Characterization, Monitoring, and Risk Assessment, 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Sedimentological and Geochemical Characterization of the Early Cambrian Eastern Yunnan, Southwestern China
by
Xiaoxia Peng, Zexin Fang, Xin Cheng, Ling Guo and Jianni Liu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050445 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The accurate reconstruction of the early Cambrian paleoclimate and paleoceanographic conditions on the Yangtze Plate is crucial for understanding the ancient environment during the Cambrian Explosion. It is also a key factor in understanding the ecological habits of organisms during the Cambrian Explosion.
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The accurate reconstruction of the early Cambrian paleoclimate and paleoceanographic conditions on the Yangtze Plate is crucial for understanding the ancient environment during the Cambrian Explosion. It is also a key factor in understanding the ecological habits of organisms during the Cambrian Explosion. The study utilized field outcrops, thin section analysis, and major and trace elements to investigate the sedimentary environment, provenance, paleoweathering, and paleoclimate of the Lower Cambrian Hongjingshao (HJS) Formation (Cambrian Stage 3, ~515 Ma) in the Yangtze Basin, eastern Yunnan, SW China. The HJS sandstones are composed of 10 lithofacies, including massive and weakly bedded gravel supported by coarse sandstone (Gm), trough cross-bedded sandstone (St), planar cross-bedded sandstone (Sp), ripple cross-laminated sandstone (Sr), horizontal bedded sandstone (Sh), scour-fill sandstone (Se), massive sandstone (Sm), fine to medium sandstone with thin bed muddy siltstone (Fl), muddy siltstone (Fsc), and mudstone (Fm). On the basis of these lithofacies, channel fill and over-bank deposits in delta and shallow shelf depositional environments are suggested for HJS Formation. The major elements-based provenance discriminant function and mineral composition indicate that felsic rocks from the recycled orogen and continental block are the main sediment source terrane for the HJS sandstones of the study area. CIA, PIA, and CIW values range from 71.29 to 93.72, indicating an intermediate to intense chemical weathering and semiarid to humid climate conditions in Cambrian Stage 3. The research findings have clarified the paleoclimate and paleoceanographic environment of the Early Cambrian in the Yangtze region, which is of significant importance for understanding the early biological and ecological marine environment in the study area.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)
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Open AccessArticle
New Insights in Metallurgical Manufacturing in the Caucasian Area: The Case Study of Artefacts from the Samshvilde Citadel Ruins (South Georgia)
by
Natalia Rovella, Maria Pia Albanese, Maria Francesca Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone, Michela Ricca, David Berikashvili, Levan Kvakhadze, Shota Tvaladze, Alberto Figoli and Mauro Francesco La Russa
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050444 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
An archaeometric approach was applied to the study of the hoard found in the Samshvilde fortress, one of the richest areas of archaeological artefacts in Caucasian Georgia, since it is representative of the historical events from the Neolithic period until the most recent
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An archaeometric approach was applied to the study of the hoard found in the Samshvilde fortress, one of the richest areas of archaeological artefacts in Caucasian Georgia, since it is representative of the historical events from the Neolithic period until the most recent epochs. In this context, four coins dated back to the 12th–13th centuries AD to the reign of King Giorgi III, Queen Tamar, and King Giorgi IV of Georgia underwent different analytical methods to collect information about the technological production process, the probable forge location, and their conservation state. Optical microscope observations provided details about the decorations, the stylistic aspects, and a preliminary evaluation of the conservation state. Portable X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed a composition consisting almost exclusively of copper with a lower amount of tin, lead, and silver. Moreover, degradation products (copper chlorides and sulphates) and cuprite patina were identified. The metal-supplying areas could be related to the nearby Bolnisi Mining District, and the forge location could coincide with the hoard location in Samshvilde, but further data and analyses are necessary.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Provenance of Archaeological Materials Using Multi-Method Analysis)
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Open AccessArticle
Oxide Reduction Treatment with a Thermal Plasma Torch: A Case Study
by
Mohammed El Khalloufi and Gervais Soucy
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050443 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
This article presents the findings of a study on oxide reduction utilizing a novel reducing plasma torch, employing greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 as plasma gases. The primary aim of this investigation is to establish the viability of this
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This article presents the findings of a study on oxide reduction utilizing a novel reducing plasma torch, employing greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 as plasma gases. The primary aim of this investigation is to establish the viability of this approach. The innovative plasma torch was employed to reduce various oxides, including aluminum oxide, iron oxide, and titanium oxide, as well as a mixed oxide composition, employing a CO2/CH4 molar ratio of 1:1 within a spouted bed reactor. Following plasma treatment, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to examine the metallic phases, notably titanium, iron, and aluminum. SEM–EDS observations were carried out to assess microstructural changes and identify elemental compositions pre- and post-plasma treatment. The results demonstrate that within the conical section of the reactor, titanium oxide experiences partial reduction, resulting in limited titanium production, while aluminum oxide and iron oxides (magnetite and hematite) undergo reduction to yield aluminum and iron, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations, performed using Factsage software version 8.3, were utilized to predict stable-phase formations following plasma treatment for each material.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Mining, Waste Recovery and Efficient Disposal of Metal Mines)
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Open AccessEditorial
Editorial for Special Issue “Geochemistry of Travertines and Calcareous Tufas”
by
Francesca Giustini and Mauro Brilli
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050442 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Travertine and calcareous tufa are the lithological terms generally used to describe continental carbonates [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry of Travertines and Calcareous Tufas)
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