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Building long homogeneous temperature series across Europe: a new approach for the blending of neighboring series (2019)

Squintu, Antonello A. ; van der Schrier, Gerard ; van den Besselaar, Else J.M. ; [et al.]

American Meteorological Society (AMS)

In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 2019; JAMC-D-19-0033.1. Published 2019 Dec 05. doi: 10.1175/jamc-d-19-0033.1. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-12-05

Description: Long and homogeneous series are a necessary requirement for reliable climate analysis. Relocation of measuring equipment from one station to another, such as from the city center to a rural area or a nearby airport, is one of the causes of discontinuities in these long series which may affect trend estimates. In this paper an updated procedure for the composition of long series, by combining data from nearby stations, is introduced. It couples an evolution of the blending procedure already implemented within the European Climate Assessment and Dataset (which combines data from stations no more than 12.5 km apart from each other) with a duplicate removal, alongside the quantile matching homogenization procedure. The ECA&D contains approximately 3000 homogenized series for each temperature variable prior to the blending procedure, around 820 of these are longer than 60 years; the process of blending increases the number of long series to more than 900. Three case studies illustrate the effects of the homogenization on single blended series, showing the effectiveness of separate adjustments on extreme and mean values (Geneva), on cases where blending is complex (Rheinstetten) and on series which are completed by adding relevant portions of GTS synoptic data (Siauliai). Finally, a trend assessment on the whole European continent reveals the removal of negative and very large trends, demonstrating a stronger spatial consistency. The new blended and homogenized data-set will allow a more reliable use of temperature series for indices calculation and for the calculation of gridded data-sets, and will be available for users on www.ecad.eu .

Print ISSN: 1558-8424

Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432

Topics: Geography , Physics

Published by American Meteorological Society (AMS)

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Image Processing of Radar Mosaics for the Climatology of Convection Initiation in South China (2019)

Bai, Lanqiang ; Chen, Guixing ; Huang, Ling

American Meteorological Society (AMS)

In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 2019; Published 2019 Nov 21. doi: 10.1175/jamc-d-19-0081.1. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-11-21

Description: A dataset of convection initiation (CI) is of great value in studying the triggering mechanisms of deep moist convection and evaluating the performances of numerical models. In recent years, the data quality of the operationally generated radar mosaics over China has been greatly improved, which provides an opportunity to retrieve a CI dataset from that region. In this work, an attempt is made to reveal the potential of applying a simple framework of objective CI detection for the study of CI climatology in China. The framework was tested using radar mosaic maps in South China that were accessible online. The identified CI events were validated in both direct and indirect ways. Based on a direct manual check, nearly all of the identified CI cells had an organized motion. The precipitation echoes of the cells had a median duration of approximately 2.5 h. The CI occurrences were further compared with rainfall estimates to ensure physical consistency. The diurnal cycle of CI occurrence exhibits three major modes: a late-night-to-morning peak at the windward coasts and offshore areas, a noon-to-late-afternoon peak on the coastal land, and an evening-to-early-morning peak over the northwestern highland. These spatial modes agree well with those of rainfall, indirectly suggesting the reliability of the CI statistics. By processing radar mosaic maps, such a framework could be applied for studying CI climatology over China and other regions.

Print ISSN: 1558-8424

Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432

Topics: Geography , Physics

Published by American Meteorological Society (AMS)

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Precipitation Extremes: Trends and Relationships with Average Precipitation and Precipitable Water in the Contiguous United States (2019)

Kunkel, Kenneth E. ; Karl, Thomas R. ; Squires, Michael F. ; [et al.]

American Meteorological Society (AMS)

In: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 2019; Published 2019 Nov 20. doi: 10.1175/jamc-d-19-0185.1. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-11-20

Description: Trends of extreme precipitation (EP) using various combinations of average return intervals (ARIs) of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 years with durations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days were calculated regionally across the contiguous U.S. Changes in the sign of the trend of EP vary by region as well as ARI and duration, despite the statistically significant upward trends for all combinations of EP thresholds when area-averaged across the contiguous U.S. Spatially, there is a pronounced east to west gradient in the trends of the EP with strong upward trends east of the Rocky Mountains. Generally, upward trends are larger and more significant for longer ARIs, but the contribution to the trend in total seasonal and annual precipitation is significantly larger for shorter ARIs as they occur more frequently. Across much of the contiguous U.S. upward trends of warm season EP are substantially larger compared to the cold season and have a substantially greater effect on the annual trend in total precipitation. This occurs even in areas where the total precipitation is nearly evenly divided between the cold and warm seasons. Compared to short-duration events long duration events, e.g. 30 days, contribute the most to annual trends. Coincident statistically significant upward trends of EP and precipitable water (PW) occur in many regions, especially during the warm season. Increases in PW are likely to be one of several factors responsible for the increase in EP (and average total precipitation) observed in many areas across the contiguous U.S.

Print ISSN: 1558-8424

Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432

Topics: Geography , Physics

Published by American Meteorological Society (AMS)

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