ALBERT

Note: Contents 1 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins 2 The Palaeontology of Browsing and Grazing / Juha Saarinen 3 The Paleoecological Impact of Grazing and Browsing: Consequences of the Late Quaternary Large Herbivore Extinctions / John Rowan and J. T. Faith 4 Morphological and Physiological Adaptations for Browsing and Grazing / Daryl Codron, Reinhold R. Hofmann, and Marcus Clauss 5 Feeding Ecology of Large Browsing and Grazing Herbivores / Jan A. Venter, Mika M. Vermeulen, and Christopher F. Brooke 6 Population Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates in the Anthropocene / Christian Kiffner and Derek E. Lee 7 Community Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Charudutt Mishra, Munib Khanyari, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Kulbhushansingh R. Suryawanshi 8 Weather and Climate Impacts on Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Randall B. Boone 9 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Soil Biota and Nutrient Dynamics / Judith Sitters and Walter S. Andriuzzi 10 Effects of Grazing and Browsing on Tropical Savanna Vegetation / Frank van Langevelde, Claudius A. D. M. van de Vijver, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Thomas A. Groen 11 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics / Autumn E. Sabo 12 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Faunal Biodiversity / Krisztián Katona and Corli Coetsee 13 Interactions Between Fire and Herbivory: Current Understanding and Management Implications / Izak P. J. Smit and Corli Coetsee 14 Managing Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Richard W. S. Fynn, David J. Augustine, and Samuel D. Fuhlendorf 15 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing in Other Vertebrate Taxa / Iain J. Gordon, Herbert H. T. Prins, Jordan Mallon, Laura D. Puk, Everton B. P. Miranda, Carolina Starling-Manne, René van der Wal, Ben Moore, William Foley, Lucy Lush, Renan Maestri, Ikki Matsuda, and Marcus Clauss 16 Browsers and Grazers Drive the Dynamics of Ecosystems / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins Index

Note: Contents Part I Introduction to Harmful Algal Blooms and the GEOHAB Programme 1 Introduction to the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Synthesis / Patricia M. Glibert, Elisa Berdalet, Michele A. Burford, Grant C. Pitcher, and Mingjiang Zhou 2 Harmful Algal Blooms and the Importance of Understanding Their Ecology and Oceanography / Patricia M. Glibert, Elisa Berdalet, Michele A. Burford, Grant C. Pitcher, and Mingjiang Zhou 3 Establishment, Goals, and Legacy of the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Programme / Raphael M. Kudela, Robin Raine, Grant C. Pitcher, Patrick Gentien, Elisa Berdalet, Henrik Enevoldsen, and Ed Urban Part II Global Changes and Harmful Algal Blooms 4 Changing Land-, Sea-, and Airscapes: Sources of Nutrient Pollution Affecting Habitat Suitability for Harmful Algae / Patricia M. Glibert, Arthur H.W. Beusen, John A. Harrison, Hans H. Dürr, Alexander F. Bouwman, and Goulven G. Laruelle 5 Harmful Algal Blooms in a Changing Ocean / Mark L. Wells and Bengt Karlson Part III Adaptive Strategies and Harmful Algal Blooms 6 Nutrients and Harmful Algal Blooms: Dynamic Kinetics and Flexible Nutrition / Patricia M. Glibert, Cynthia A. Heil, Frances P. Wilkerson, and Richard C. Dugdale 7 Mixotrophy in Harmful Algal Blooms: By Whom, on Whom, When, Why, and What Next / Kevin J. Flynn, Aditee Mitra, Patricia M. Glibert, and JoAnn M. Burkholder 8 The Role of Life Cycle Characteristics in Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics / Rhodora V. Azanza, Michael L. Brosnahan, Donald M. Anderson, Inga Hense, and Marina Montresor Part IV Harmful Algal Blooms in Specific Habitats and Biomes 9 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Stratified Systems / Robin Raine, Elisa Berdalet, Hidekatsu Yamazaki, Ian Jenkinson, and Beatriz Reguera 10 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Fjords and Coastal Embayments / Suzanne Roy, Marina Montresor, and Allan Cembella 11 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems / Grant C. Pitcher, Francisco G. Figueiras, Raphael M. Kudela, Teresa Moita, Beatriz Reguera, and Manuel Ruiz-Villareal 12 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Relation to Nutrients and Eutrophication / Patricia M. Glibert, Adnan Al-Azri, J. Icarus Allen, Alexander F. Bouwman, Arthur H.W. Beusen, Michele A. Burford, Paul J. Harrison, and Mingjiang Zhou 13 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Benthic Systems / Elisa Berdalet and Patricia A. Tester Part V Spotlight on Harmful Algal Blooms in Asia 14 Overview of Harmful Algal Blooms in Asia / Ken Furuya, Mitsunori Iwataki, Po Teen Lim, Songhui Lu, Chui-Pin Leaw, Rhodora V. Azanza, Hak-Gyoon Kim, and Yasuwo Fukuyo 15 Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Waters of China / Ren-Cheng Yu, Song-Hui Lü, and Yu-Bo Liang 16 Green Tides of the Yellow Sea: Massive Free-Floating Blooms of Ulva prolifera / Dongyan Liu and Mingjiang Zhou 17 Ecological Drivers of Green Noctiluca Blooms in Two Monsoonal-Driven Ecosystems / Joaquim I. Goes, Helga do R. Gomes, Khalid Al-Hashimi, and Anukul Buranapratheprat Part VI Observing and Predicting Harmful Algal Blooms: Tools and Predictive Approaches 18 Advancements and Continuing Challenges of Emerging Technologies and Tools for Detecting Harmful Algal Blooms, Their Antecedent Conditions and Toxins, and Applications in Predictive Models / Patricia M. Glibert, Grant C. Pitcher, Stewart Bernard, and Ming Li 19 Recent Advances in Modelling of Harmful Algal Blooms / Peter J.S. Franks Part VII Moving Forward: Emerging Issues and a New Global Programme 20 Emerging HAB Research Issues in Freshwater Environments / Michele A. Burford, David P. Hamilton, and Susanna A. Wood 21 Mitigation and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms / Zhiming Yu, Xiuxian Song, Xihua Cao, and Yang Liu 22 GlobalHAB: Fostering International Coordination on Harmful Algal Bloom Research in Aquatic Systems / Elisa Berdalet, Raphael M. Kudela, Neil S. Banas, Eileen Bresnan, Michele A. Burford, Keith Davidson, Christopher J. Gobler, Bengt Karlson, Po Teen Lim, Lincoln Mackenzie, Marina Montresor, Vera L. Trainer, Gires Usup, Kedong Yin, Henrik Enevoldsen, and Ed Urban Index

Note: A. Introduction.- Obituary.- Purpose of this Book.- Synopsis.- B. General Framework of Hypersaline Environments with Special Reference to the Red Sea.- 1. Introduction and Definitions.- 2. The Northern Red Sea, a Historical Sketch.- 3. Gulf of Elat (Aqaba). Geological and Sedimentological Framework.- 4. Coastal Evaporite Systems.- 5. Hypersaline Sea-marginal Flats of the Gulfs of Elat and Suez.- 6. Anchialine Pools — Comparative Hydrobiology.- 7. Botanical Studies on Coastal Salinas and Sabkhas of the Sinai.- C. The Gavish Sabkha — A Case Study.- 8. Introduction.- 9. Geomorphology, Mineralogy and Groundwater Geochemistry as Factors of the Hydrodynamic System of the Gavish Sabkha.- 10. The Ras Muhammad Pool: Implications for the Gavish Sabkha.- 11 Salinity and Water Activity Related Zonation of Microbial Communities and Potential Stromatolites of the Gavish Sabkha.- 12. Structure and Physiology of Square-shaped and Other Halophilic Bacteria from the Gavish Sabkha.- 13. Photoactive Pigments in Halobacteria from the Gavish Sabkha.- 14. Photosynthetic Microorganisms of the Gavish Sabkha.- 15. The Fauna of the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake — a Comparative Study.- 16. Trace Metal Concentrations in Sediments from the Gavish Sabkha.- 17. Biogeochemistry of Gavish Sabkha Sediments I. Studies on Neutral Reducing Sugars and Lipid Moieties by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.- 18. Biogeochemistry of Gavish Sabkha Sediments II. Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry of the Laminated Microbial Mat in the Permanently Water-Covered Zone Before and After the Desert Sheetflood of 1979.- 19. Carbon Isotope Geochemistry and 14C Ages of Microbial Mats from the Gavish Sabkha and the Solar Lake.- D. Applied Aspects and Paleoecology.- 20. Introduction.- 21. A Paleobiological Perspective on Sabkhas.- 22. Applied and Economic Aspects of Sabkha Systems — Genesis of Salt, Ore and Hydrocarbon Deposits, and Biotechnology.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Taxonomic Index.

Note: Contents 1 Ecosystem Collapse and Climate Change: An Introduction / Josep G. Canadell and Robert B. Jackson Part I Polar and Boreal Ecosystems 2 Ecosystem Collapse on a Sub-Antarctic Island / Dana M. Bergstrom, Catherine R. Dickson, David J. Baker, Jennie Whinam, Patricia M. Selkirk, and Melodie A. McGeoch 3 Permafrost Thaw in Northern Peatlands: Rapid Changes in Ecosystem and Landscape Functions / David Olefeldt, Liam Heffernan, Miriam C. Jones, A. Britta K. Sannel, Claire C. Treat, and Merritt R. Turetsky 4 Post-fire Recruitment Failure as a Driver of Forest to Non-forest Ecosystem Shifts in Boreal Regions / Arden Burrell, Elena Kukavskaya, Robert Baxter, Qiaoqi Sun, and Kirsten Barrett 5 A Paleo-perspective on Ecosystem Collapse in Boreal North America / Serge Payette Part II Temperate and Semi-arid Ecosystems 6 The 2016 Tasmanian Wilderness Fires: Fire Regime Shifts and Climate Change in a Gondwanan Biogeographic Refugium / David M. J. S. Bowman, Dario Rodriguez-Cubillo, and Lynda D. Prior 7 Climate-Induced Global Forest Shifts due to Heatwave-Drought / Francisco Lloret and Enric Batllori 8 Extreme Events Trigger Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystem Collapses in the Southwestern USA and Southwestern Australia / Katinka X. Ruthrof, Joseph B. Fontaine, David D. Breshears, Jason P. Field, and Craig D. Allen Part III Tropical and Temperate Coastal Ecosystems 9 Processes and Factors Driving Change in Mangrove Forests: An Evaluation Based on the Mass Dieback Event in Australia’s Gulf of Carpentaria / Norman C. Duke, Lindsay B. Hutley, Jock R. Mackenzie, and Damien Burrows 10 Recurrent Mass-Bleaching and the Potential for Ecosystem Collapse on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef / Morgan S. Pratchett, Scott F. Heron, Camille Mellin, and Graeme S. Cumming 11 Sliding Toward the Collapse of Mediterranean Coastal Marine Rocky Ecosystems / Joaquim Garrabou, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Daniel Gómez-Gras, and Cristina Linares 12 Marine Heatwave Drives Collapse of Kelp Forests in Western Australia / Thomas Wernberg 13 Impact of Marine Heatwaves on Seagrass Ecosystems / Oscar Serrano, Ariane Arias-Ortiz, Carlos M. Duarte, Gary A. Kendrick, and Paul S. Lavery Correction to: Ecosystem Collapse on a Sub-Antarctic Island / Dana M. Bergstrom, Catherine R. Dickson, David J. Baker, Jennie Whinam, Patricia M. Selkirk, and Melodie A. McGeoch Index

Note: Contents 1. Introductory Remarks on Remote Sensing / E. SCHANDA 1.1 Application Areas of Remote Sensing 1.2 Sensing Systems 1.3 Remote Sensing and Spectral Constraints 2. Aerospace Photography / A. E. SALERNO 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Characteristics of Photographic Process 2.2.1 Sensitometry General 2.2.2 The Characteristic Curve 2.2.3 Development Control 2.2.4 Exposure Control 2.2.5 Film Speed 2.2.6 Reciprocity Law Anomalies 2.2.7 Density Measurement 2.2.8 Measurement of Color 2.2.9 Tone Reproduction Theory 2.2.10 Spectral Sensitivity 2.2.11 Resolution 2.2.12 Granularity 2.2.13 Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties 2.3 Cameras and Films 2.3.1 Cameras (General) 2.3.2 Aerial Cameras — Common Features 2.3.3 Optical System 2.3.4 Calibration 2.3.5 Image Motion 2.3.6 Hand Held Cameras 2.3.7 Special Cameras 2.3.8 Film (General) 2.3.9 Aerial Photographic Materials 2.3.10 Black-and-White Camera Films 2.3.11 Color Camera Films 2.4 Photographic Attributes of Earth Sciences 2.4.1 Agriculture 2.4.2 Geography and Geology 2.4.3 Hydrology and Oceanography 2.4.4 Anomalies, Atmospheric 2.4.5 Factors Affecting the Photo Image 2.4.6 Image Formation on Color Film 2.4.7 Processing of Color Film 2.4.8 Photo Systems, Choice 2.4.9 Image Enhancement Procedure Bibliography 3. Infrared Sensing Methods / P. W. SCHAPER 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Infrared Radiation Field 3.3 Fundamentals of Measurement 3.4 Methods of Measurement 3.4.1 The Single Element Radiometer 3.4.2 Imaging Radiometers 3.4.3 Multi Wavelength Channel Radiometers 3.4.4 Spectrometers 3.4.5 Interferometers 3.5 Applications 3.6 Data Interpretation Error Sources 3.7 Expectations of the Near Future References 4. Laser Applications in Remote Sensing / R.T.H. COLLIS and P. B. RUSSELL 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Scope and Definitions 4.1.2 Technical Approaches 4.2 Fundamentals of Physical Processes Involved 4.2.1 Specular Reflection and Elastic (Non-resonant) Scattering 4.2.2 Inelastic and Resonant Scattering 4.2.3 Resonant Absorption 4.2.4 Doppler Effects 4.2.5 Polarization 4.3 Instrumentation 4.3.1 System Concepts 4.3.2 System Configuration 4.3.3 Lasers 4.3.4 Photodetection 4.3.5 Eye Safety 4.3.6 Viewpoint of Remote Sensing 4.4 Applications 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Backscattering Techniques - Non-resonant Elastic Scattering 4.4.3 Inelastic and Resonant Backscattering 4.4.4 Resonant Absorption 4.4.5 Doppler Techniques 4.4.6 Polarization References 5. Radar Methods / G.P. DE LOOR 5.1 General Aspects 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Resolution 5.1.3 Image Build-up; Flight Procedure 5.1.4 Parallax 5.1.5 Image Correction 5.1.6 Registration of the Radar Signals 5.2 Backgrounds 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 The Radar Equation 5.2.3 Ground Returns 5.3 Applications 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Geography 5.3.3 Geology 5.3.4 Vegetation Studies 5.3.5 Sea, Coastal and Oceanographic Studies 5.4 Conclusion References 6. Passive Microwave Sensing / E. SCHANDA 6.1 Principles of Passive Microwave Remote Sensing 6.1.1 Physical Fundamentals of Microwave Radiometry 6.1.2 Semitransparent Media 6.1.3 The Effects of the Atmosphere 6.2 Instrumental Aspects of Microwave Radiometry 6.2.1 The Sensitivity of a Microwave Radiometer 6.2.2 Other Types of Radiometers 6.2.3 Angular Resolution and Range of Passive Microwave Sensing 6.2.4 Realisations of Microwave Radiometers 6.3 Emissive Properties of Materials on the Surface of the Earth 6.3.1 Plane Surfaces of Homogeneous Materials 6.3.2 Heterogeneous Media 6.3.3 Rough Surfaces 6.3.4 Various Investigations on Emissivities 6.4 Remote Determination of Atmospheric Constituents by Their Micro-wave Spectra 6.4.1 The Absorption Coefficients of the Line Spectra 6.4.2 Determinations of Height Profiles 6.5 Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Water, Ice and Snow 6.5.1 Investigations of Water Surfaces 6.5.2 Investigations of Ice and Snow 6.6 Investigations of the Soil, Vegetation and Geological Features 6.7 Investigations of the Atmosphere and of Meteorological Features 6.7.1 Sounding of Atmospheric Constituents from Molecular Line Radiation 6.7.2 Observation of Meteorological Features References 7. Applications of Gamma Radiation in Remote Sensing / R.L. GRASTY 7.1 The Natural Gamma-radiation Field 7.2 Gamma-ray Detector Systems 7.3 Operational Procedures 7.3.1 Background Radiation 7.3.2 Height Correction 7.3.3 Calibration and Spectral Stripping 7.4 Applications 7.4.1 Mineral Exploration 7.4.2 Geological Mapping 7.4.3 Water-equivalent Snow Measurements 7.4.4 Soil Moisture Measurement 7.4.5 Monitoring Nuclear Facilities 7.5 Future Prospects References 8. Sonar Methods / D.J. CREASEY 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Propagation of Acoustic Energy 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Absorption Losses in Water 8.2.3 Beam Bending in Water 8.2.4 Propagation in Air 8.3 The Sonar Equation 8.3.1 Transducers and Arrays 8.3.2 Noise and Reverberation 8.3.3 Signal to Noise Ratio and Signal to Reverberation Ratio 8.3.4 Interference Signals in Air 8.4 Factors Affecting Resolution in a Sonar System 8.4.1 General 8.4.2 Range Resolution 8.4.3 Bearing Resolution 8.4.4 Doppler Effect in Sonar 8.5 Applications 8.5.1 Echo Sounding 8.5.2 Sonars with Fixed Beams 8.5.3 Mechanically Rotated Sonar Array Systems 8.5.4 Side-scan Sonars 8.5.5 Sub-bottom Profiling Systems 8.5.6 Sonars with Sectors Scanned Electronically 8.5.7 Remote Sensing Application of Sonar in Air References 9. Digital Picture Processing / PH. HARTL 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 General Remarks 9.1.2 Relation between Image and Real Scene 9.1.3 Enhancement and Filtering 9.2 The Elements of an Image Data Processing and Analysis System 9.2.1 Data Acquisition Subsystem 9.2.2 Data Handling Subsystem 9.2.3 Data Preprocessing Subsystem 9.2.4 Data Storage and Retrieval Subsystem 9.3 Geometric Corrections 9.3.1 Linear Transformations 9.3.2 Quadratic and Higher Order Transformations 9.3.3 Reference Marks 9.3.4 Image Gridding 9.3.5 Image Registration 9.3.6 Geometric Correction Concepts 9.4 Image Enhancement and Filtering Processes 9.4.1 Enhancement Processes 9.4.2 Image Smoothing 9.4.3 Image Sharpening 9.4.4 Matched Filters 9.4.5 Ratio Mapping and Generalization of Image Combination Procedures 9.4.6 Pseudocolor Transformation 9.5 Feature Extraction and Classification 9.5.1 Spectral Features 9.5.2 Spatial Features 9.5.3 The Decision Process 9.5.4 The Decision Criteria 9.5.5 Unsupervised Classification 9.5.6 Recognizing of Bridges, Rivers, Lakes, and Islands 9.6 Appendix 1: The Image Signal in Spatial and Frequency Domain 9.6.1 Signals in the Spatial Domain 9.6.2 Signals in the Frequency Domain 9.7 Appendix 2: Numerical Example for Texture-context Features References Subject Index Color Plates