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Analysis of hydrologic response to rain-on-snow (1975)
Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Details Availability
Call number: ZSP-202-340
In: Research report
Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Nomenclature. - Introduction. - Theory. - Application. - Literature cited. - Appendix.
Description / Table of Contents: The equations describing water movement in a dry snow cover are derived and examples of flow through ripe, refrozen and fresh snows are given. The grain size of snow has a large effect on the timing of water discharge. Water is retained by dry snow to raise its temperature and satisfy the irreducible water saturation. These requirements delay and reduce runoff following rain on dry snow.
Type of Medium: Series available for loan
Pages: iv, 13 S. : graph. Darst.
Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 340
URL: https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6127/rec/2
Language: English
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  • 2
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    Series available for loan
    Hydrology of a drainage basin on the Alaskan coastal plain (1968)
    Hanover, NH : US Army Materiel Command, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-240
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 240
    Description / Table of Contents: A 4-summer hydrologic record from a 1.6 km^2 drainage basin at Barrow, Alaska is analyzed. The watershed, a drained lake basin, is underlain by continuous permafrost within 0.3m of the tundra surface and is covered by ice-wedge polygons and numerous small shallow ponds. Considerable variations from the 20-yr means of summer climate (thaw period 88 days, precipitation 67 mm) are represented in the data: 1963 - cold, extremely wet; 1964 - cold, extremely dry; 1965 - cool, dry; 1966 - cool, wet. Runoff varied greatly from storm to storm, occurring primarily through and over the tundra mat and through an intricate system of polygonal troughs and ponds. As a result of the subdued coastal topography, varying areas (0.3 km^2 to 1.6 km^2) contribute to runoff from different storms. Analyses of hydrographs revealed: 1) lag times generally from 3 to 10 hr; 2) recession constants of about 50 hr, but occasionally as much as 160 hr; and 3) runoff from individual storms between 1 and 70%. About 5% of the thaw season precipitation normally runs off. Comparison of total thaw season precipitation between the U.S. Weather Bureau and a shielded gage located on the watershed indicated no major differences. If "trace" precipitation is considered, only 90% of the actual precipitation may be recorded. Pan evaporation for an average thaw season is about 160 mm and evapotranspiration which is essentially in balance with precipitation is about 60 mm. Conductivity of runoff water varied from 250 [My]mhos during sustained discharge to more than 500 [My]mhos during low flows in dry years. Precipitation chemistry showed no correlation with storm direction. Assuming all winter precipitation runs off, and the data are spatially and temporally representative, about 50% of the measured annual precipitation in this region runs off into the Arctic Ocean.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: IV, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 240
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5946
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Summary. - Introduction. - Regional setting. - Description of watershed. - Climatic record. - Methods. - Precipitation. - Water and air temperatures. - Discharge. - Evaporation and pond levels. - Water chemistry. - Soil thaw. - Results and discussion. - Precipitation. - Runoff. - Evaporation and transpiration. - Water chemistry. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
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  • 3
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    A limnological reconnaissance in interior Alaska (1968)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-239
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Climate. - Geology. - Methods and procedures. - General description of lakes studied. - Circulation and mixing in lakes. - Heat flow. - Light transmission. - Measurements of primary productivity. - Chemical characteristics. - Summary. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Limnological measurements.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical, physical and biological measurements were made in about 40 lakes and 9 other aquatic habitats in interior Alaska, primarily in the Tanana and Yukon River drainages. The lakes were classified according to circulation patterns, inferred from temperature and chemical profiles, into mononictic (22 to 24 lakes), dimictic (13 to 15 lakes) and meromictic (3 lakes) types. The lake waters were generally very alkaline in both the Yukon and Tanana drainages. Calcium, magnesium, sodium and bicarbonate ions dominated the water chemistry. In several lakes concentrations of sulfate and magnesium exceeded the limits suggested for potable water. The chemistry of surface water from various springs and the Arctic Coastal Plain was contrasted with that of lakes in interior Alaska. Sediment temperatures demonstrated a significant feature of unfrozen lakes in cold regions: a considerable net amount of heat flows from the water to the underlying sediments annually. Light penetration into the lakes varied widely (extinction coefficients of 0.46/m to 3.57/m). A relatively high rate of carbon fixation (764 mg C/m^3 day) was measured in C^14 experiments. It was inferred that nutrients were the more probable limiting factor for primary production in these lakes.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: V, 41 S. : Ill.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 239
    URL: http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/en_US/search/asset/1013445
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  • 4
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    Flexural strength of lake ice in relation to its growth structure and thermal history (1975)
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-349
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 349
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Test locations. - Post Pond. - Mascoma Lake. - Winter freeze-up. - Ice cover properties. - Stratigraphy. - Microstructure. - Porosity. - Impurity content. - Flexural strength. - Test sites. - Beam test procedure. - Beam dimensions. - Beam temperatures. - Beam strengths. - Results. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 February 1974. - Post Pond, Site PC, 21 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 25 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 26 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 1 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 4 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 7 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 8 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PB and PC, 15 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 26 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 29 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 3 April 1974. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: In-place cantilever beam tests on Post Pond and Mascoma Lake ice yielded a maximum flexural strength of 7.1 kg/cm^2. The minimum strength, unrelated to failure along pre-existing cracks in the ice, was 2.9 kg/cm^2. The majority of tests were performed in the push-down mode after it was discovered that beams tested in the pull-up mode, which places the bottom surface in tension, frequently broke prematurely along cracks in the bottom of the ice. Premature failures of this kind usually occurred at stresses of 2-3 kg/cm^2. Data further demonstrate that the intrinsic strength of lake ice decreases significantly as the surface air temperature goes to 0°C. Ice that has just become isothermal, but has not yet begun to candle, has a strength of about 4 kg/cm^2; ice that has been subjected to prolonged periods of above-freezing air temperatures generally fails at about 3 kg/cm^2. Tests also show that cold unrecrystallized snow-ice is as strong as the underlying lake ice. Tests of the effect of crystalline structure indicate that ice composed of crystals with their c-axes horizontal is measurably stronger than ice in which the crystals are oriented with their c-axes vertical.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 349
    URL: https://usace.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6226/rec/1
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Simultaneous measurement of laser extinction in warm fog at wavelengths of 0.6328, 1.15 and 10.6 microns (1975)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-343
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Experimental and theoretical equations. - Results and discussion. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Simultaneous laser extinction measurements were made in warm fog at wavelengths of 0.6238, 1.15 and 10.6 [Mu]. The warm fog was generated in a 4-m^3 environmental chamber. Particle sampling was carried out simultaneously with the laser measurements using an impactor. Using the same size distribution in each case the theoretical extinction coefficients were calculated and compared with the experimental coefficients. Results obtained during this experiment and aprevious one indicate that propagation at 1.15 [Mu] is adversely affected by the presence of atmospheric water vapor. Experimental data obtained simultaneously at 0.6328 and 10.6 [Mu] indicate that virtually no difference exists between the extinction coefficients at these two wavelengths for moderate particle concentrations while at much larger concentrations [Alpha]0.6328 increases indefinitely while [Alpha]10.6 levels off at 0.2.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 343
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA017943.pdf
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Subartic plant communities and associated litter and soil profiles in the Caribou Creek Research Watershed, Interior Alaska (1975)
    Hanover, NH : Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-330
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies were completed in several black spruce and aspen/birch communities of the Caribou Creek Watershed. Frequency and basal area or percent cover are detailed for tree, sapling, shrub, herbaceous, moss, and lichen species. Organic layer mass was greatest beneath a north slope black spruce community. Carbon and nitrogen levels were higher in litter layers beneath the hardwood stands, whereas carbon/nitrogen ratios were higher in the living and decaying organic mat beneath black spruce. Concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn were higher in hardwood than in conifer organic layers. K and Fe concentrations in organic layers were similar beneath hardwoods and conifers. Soils beneath conifer and hardwood stands could not be separated on the basis of pH, %C, %N or C/N ratios. Cation exchange capacity closely reflected %C in all soils. More exchangeable bases were present in soils beneath hardwood communities than beneath black spruce communities. Increases in extractable P were found near the soil surface in aspen-dominated communities. Extractable soil P increased below 15 cm in conifer stands.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 25 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 330
    URL: http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/search/asset/1014760
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  • 7
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    Spline approximation to the freezing of water in a cyclindrical hole drilled in an ice sheet (1975)
    Hanover, NH : Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-328
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: An interpolation continuous up to the first-order derivatives is needed to solve this problem, because the first-order derivatives are used in the formulation of the movement of the freezing front. The requirement is met in this paper by use of a parabolic spline. The Crank-Nicholson formula is used to set up the predictor-corrector scheme of time integration. Several iterations are needed to advance one step in time because of the implicit nature of the Crank-Nicholson formula and the nonlinearity involved in the freezing problem
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 13 S.
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 328
    URL: http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/search/asset/1014722
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  • 8
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    Some physical properties of alpine snow (1969)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-271
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Previous work. - Conduct of the research. - Fundamental properties of snow. - Derived properties of snow. - Environmental effects. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: One of the great deficiencies in snow science is the lack of an analytical framework for much of the snow cycle. Snow research to date has largely consisted of measuring index properties of snow, such as bulk density and snow strength, and correlating them. This is useful, particularly for engineering purposes, but it does not grapple with the basic problem of what fundamental properties of snow determine the magnitude of the index properties and how these properties respond to environmental conditions. This study was an attempt to measure, quantitatively, the fundamental properties of grain size, shape, and fabric (relationship between grains) and relate these to the index or derived properties of bulk density, shear and tensile strength, permeability for air, and the dielectric static permittivity and loss tangent. Despite numerous difficulties in defining fabric and quantifying it, it was possible to show that: 1) snow strength is a function of bond area with a relationship in the low density range that is described by: [Sigma]f = [Sigma]i exp - (0.14nf) where [Sigma]f is failure strength, [Sigma]i is the final strength of ice, and nf is the porosity on the failure surface; and 2) the rate of densification of low density snow can be explained in part by high stress concentrations (on the order of 10^7 dynes /cm^2) at intergranular contacts and by such factors as riming on crystals. The effect of the environmental factors of time, temperature, and gravitational stress is difficult to study in situ because they are not independent variables. However, it appears that their study is simplified when we study the fundamental properties of snow as opposed to index properties.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 271
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5325802
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Measurements of the dielectric properties of wet snow using a microwave technique (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command
    Details Availability
    Call number: ZSP-202-325
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Symbols. - Introduction. - Physical properties of ice, water and snow. - Electrical relations affecting the problem. - The dielectric constant. - Deloor's theory. - Wet snow application. - Experimental procedure. - Measurement technique. - Sample preparation. - Glass bead preparation. - Experimental results. - Wet snow results. - Glass bead results. - Experimental error. - Discussion. - Conclusions. - Recommendations. - Literature cited. - Selected bibliography. - Appendix A. The measurement of the complex dielectric constant in a shorted wave guide. - Appendix B. Evaluation of the effective particle shape factor and the effective dielectric properties in the immediate vicinity of average liquid and solid particles. - Appendix C. Experimental data. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: An accurate method of measuring liquid water in snow covers is required to determine the properties of wet snow. The dielectric properties of wet snow must be utilized to adequately measure its liquid water content. In this study the effect of liquid water on the complex dielectric constant of natural snow is determined in the microwave frequency range. Deloor's method for calculating the dielectric constant for mixtures and the results of waveguide experiments on samples of wet snow and glass beads are used to construct a calibration curve relating the measured dielectric loss factor directly to the water content of wet snow. The results are independent of porosity, past history and chemical impurities. A relation between the effective dielectric constant and the porosity and water content is proposed and tested, experimentally. The general nature of this relation is described and suggestions are made for the development of a more precise relation. It is concluded that the dielectric constant is a function of porosity and water content only.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 325
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227365734
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  • 10
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    One-dimensional water flow through snow (1971)
    Hanover, NH : CRREL
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    Call number: ZSP-202-296
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: A theory is developed to describe the percolation of water through isothermal snow with a vertical porosity gradient. While the necessary laboratory experiments have not been done for snow, concepts from the general theory of two phase flow through porous media are used in the development. The general solution for the one-dimensional problem is given, which, when combined with any periodic boundary condition, can be used to make quantitative predictions. The theory is applied to water percolation through firn on the upper Seward Glacier (Sharp, 1951a). Using appropriate values for the parameters, theory shows a wave of volume flux which travels down into the firn and develops features similar to those observed by Sharp. These include an initially symmetric wave which distorts with depth, continuous (rather than intermittent) downward flow beneath the surface, and a decreasing value for the wave crest with depth. The rate at which the waves propagate is calculated using the method of characteristics and is in fair agreement with the observed rate where the permeability of the bulk firn with ice layers is reduced by a factor of two over homogeneous snow samples studied in the laboratory (Kuroiwa, 1963). The theory predicts that the waves advance with a shock front which grows with depth. The shock front is thought to be only an approximation to the actual physical process
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Symbols. - Introduction. - Theory. - Darcy's Law. - Functional permeability. - Equations. - Characteristics. - Seward Glacier firn. - Discussion. - Summary. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 296
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035634529
    Language: English
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