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Series available for loan
Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
Call number: ZSP-201-11
In: SIPRE report, 11
Description / Table of Contents: A commercial deep-freeze unit was modified to serve as a laboratory for growing single crystals, cutting specimens of a given orientation, testing these specimens in compressive creep, and studying thin-sections of the results on a universal stage. A method of growing single crystals of adequate size was developed by adapting the Bridgman method. Fortyone creep tests were made at temperatures ranging from -1° to -18°C. These gave an unexpected form of creep-curve in which the rate of strain continuously increases with time. The mechanism of deformation is dominantly basal translation—consistent with earlier work. The dependence on temperature and stress is expressed empirically.
Type of Medium: Series available for loan
Pages: 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
Series Statement: SIPRE report 11
Language: English
Note: Contents Introduction Use of the deep-freeze as a cold laboratory Growing single crystals Creep tests Conclusions References cited
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Associated Volumes
  • 2
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
    Call number: ZSP-201
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    ISSN: 0149-3841
    Subsequent Title: CRREL Report
    Language: English
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    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 3
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
    Call number: ZSP-201-10
    In: SIPRE report, 10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 97 Seiten
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 10
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Foreword Synopsis Introduction Authority Purpose and scope SIPRE organization and activities Cryological problems and military end points Present state of knowledge General Introduction Terminology and classification Snow and ice Introduction Physical properties and geometry Density and water equivalent Water holding or storage capacity of snow Water transmission through snow Bound water Crystallography and metamorphism Porosity and permeability Mechanical properties Elasto-plastic properties Friction Strength Hardness Electromagnetic properties Dielectric constants Conductivity Magnetic properties Piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects Triboelectricity Freezing potential Thermodynamic properties Thermal properties Radiation Phase relations Engineering problems Snow and ice removal Snow compaction Snow draft control Trafficability Temporary structures Snow melt and runoff Maps Frozen ground and permafrost Introduction Frost action Theory of frost action Cyclic freezing and thawing Manifestations of frost actions Frost heave on freezing Reduction in load-carrying capacity on thawing Soil movements on slopes Ground properties affecting or affected by frost action Composition, grain size, and grain-size distribution Soil-moisture-movement properties Thermal properties Structure of unfrozen ground Structure of frozen ground Strength of frozen ground Freezing point Ground conditions affecting or affected by frost action Density Degree of saturation Interrelation of climate, position, vegetation, and soil Frost phenomena Climate Position Vegetation Engineering problems Excavation and replacement Subsurface drainage Base courses Insulation courses Surface icing and its control Trafficability Building foundations Maps Current related research Introduction Military cryological research in United States and Canada Non-military cryological research in the Western World Research needed Introduction Subjects for fundamental research Subjects for applied research
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  • 4
    Call number: ZSP-201-20
    In: SIPRE report, 20
    Description / Table of Contents: Work carried out at the SIPRE Test Site, Site 2, on the Greenland Ice Cap,during the summer 1954, included: (1) Excavation of trenches, a circular tunnel and a deep pit; (2) Instrumentation of excavations for pressure and deformation measurements; (3) Tests on the properties of snow from the deep pit; (4) Construction of a snow house as an experimental structure and to provide a heated shelter for an observer stationed at the site for the winter. Observations and measurements over a period of five years are expected to provide sufficient information for the establishment of satisfactory design criteria for all kinds of surface and subsurface military installations on high polar ice caps.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 20
    Language: English
    Note: Contents I. Introduction, by H. Bader II. Excavation of trenches and tunnels, by R.W. Waterhouse III. Excavation of deep pit, by J.K. Landauer IV. Trench covering, framing, and instrumentation, by R.W. Waterhouse V. The snow house, by R.W. Waterhouse VI. Load measurements in the N-S trench, by R.W. Waterhouse VII. Deformation measurements, by J.K. Landauer VIII. Distance changes on the ice cap, by B.L. Hansen and H. Bader IX. Annual accumulation, by H. Bader X. Snow density and snow load in deep pit, by J.K. Landauer XI. Air permeability of snow from deep pit, by J.A. Bender XII. Viscosity of snow from deep pit, by J.K. Landauer XIII. Crushing strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XIV. Shear strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XV. Tensiel strength of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XVI. Angle of internal friction of snow from deep pit, by T.R. Butkovich XVII. Snow temperatures, by J.K. Landauer
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  • 5
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment
    Call number: ZSP-201-30
    In: SIPRE report, 30
    Description / Table of Contents: Mining Research Corporation, Inc., under contract with Snow Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, conducted explosion tests in frozen Keweenaw silt, to determine; (1) the most efficient type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground, (2) the fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge, (3) the proper position of the charge relative to the frozen-ground interface, (4) the feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material, and (5) the effect of the diameter of the borehole and of the shape of the charge upon the resultsof blasting. Information obtained from the tests applies to the specific problem of excavating in frozen ground and to fundamental explosives research. Conclusions and recommendations based on this information are presented here concerning the feasibility of using explosives for fox-holes in frozen ground; methods of placing the charge; mechanics of crater formation; the crater equation; future instrumentation; classification of explosives; and correlation of blast data.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 97 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: SIPRE report 30
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Abstract Chapter I. Introduction to problem 1. Previous attempts at blasting frozen ground 2. Necessity for fundamental approach 3. Terminology 4. Description, objectives, and scope of the Keweenaw Tests 5. Selection of explosives 6. Classification and properties of commercial explosives 7. Characteristics of explosives in the Keweenaw Tests 8. Comparison of Atlas, Hercules, and Du Pont nitroglycerine-base explosives Chapter II. Test program Section I. Field tests 1. General 2. Test site 3. Field test procedure a. Site preparation b. Instrumentation c. Snow removal d. Determining depth of frozen ground e. Soil sampling and coring f. Layout of the test site g. Spacing of blast holes h. Blast-hole drilling i. Blasting procedure j. Field analysis and crater surveys k. Data-sheet computations l. Photography Section II. Laboratory tests 1. Soil handling and storage 2. Soil classification tests a. Specimen preparation b. Test procedure c. Test results 3. Tests to determine stress-strain relationship a. General b. Specimen preparation for unconfined compression tests c. Test procedure d. Results e. Observations Chapter III. Analysis of blast tests Section I. Mechanics of crater formation in frozen Keweenaw silt 1. Introduction 2. Shock phenomena 3. Expansion of the gas bubble 4. Rupture of surface and conversion of pressure head to velocity head Section II. Blast Test A - Relationships of explosive, radius of crater, volume of crater, and depth of crater 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section Ill. Blast Test B - Energy utilization in blasting 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observation Section IV. Blast Test C - The frozen-ground interface 1. Introduction 2. Relation of frozen-ground interface to scaling laws 3. Relation between the ratio of chamber volume to crater volume and the volume-utilization factor 4. Increase in volum.e-utilization factor for charges placed below the frozen layer 5. Position of the gas bubble relative to the frozen-ground interface 6. Igloo-type foxhole construction Section V. Blast Test D - Foxhole construction 1. Introduction 2. Application of shaped charges to foxhole construction 3. Application of hand-auget drilling to foxhole construction 4. Conclusions Section VI. Blast Test E - Temperature effect 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Results and analysis 4. Summary of observations Section VII. Blast Test F - Effect of charge shape 1. Introduction 2. Description 3. Conclusions Chapter IV. Summary of objectives; conclusions and recommendations Section I. Summary of objectives 1. Introduction 2. Objective 1: Most efficientt type of explosive for blasts in frozen ground 3. Objective 2: Fundamental relation between weight of explosive and depth of charge 4. Objective 3: Proper position of charge relative to the frozen-ground interface 5. Objective 4: Feasibility of fracturing the frozen layer by placing a charge in the underlying unfrozen material 6. Objective 5: Effect of diameter of the borehole and shape of charge on results of blasting Section II. Conclusions and recommendations 1. Feasibility of using explosives for constructing foxholes in frozen ground 2. Methods of placing the charge 3. Mechanics of crater formation 4. The crater equation 5. Future instrumentation 6. Classification of explosives 7. Correlation of blast data Appendix: Data sheets, Experiments 1-13
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