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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (2001), S. 4824-4828 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The weakly bound van der Waals complex CH4–CO has been observed spectroscopically for the first time in the infrared (C–O stretching, (approximate)2143 cm−1) and millimeter wave (80–107 GHz) regions. The spectra analyzed here resemble quite closely those of the rare gas–carbon monoxide complexes, like Ne–CO and Ar–CO, and they almost certainly arise from CH4–CO complexes composed of CH4 in the lowest j=0 rotational state of A symmetry. The effective ground state intermolecular separation is 3.994 Å. Predictions are given here for the K=0 and 1 pure rotational microwave transitions of CH4–CO in the A state. The infrared spectrum shows numerous additional transitions which must be due to CH4–CO composed of methane in the F and E symmetry states, but these have not yet been assigned. Future microwave measurements on these F and E states will aid further progress on the infrared spectrum. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 6618-6623 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Millimeter wave and infrared spectra of the weakly bound dimer (CO)2 have been studied in low-temperature pulsed supersonic jet expansions. Twenty-five new millimeter wave transitions have been observed and assigned, mostly in the 78–107 GHz region. Combined with previous data, they enable the relative energies of most of the known rotational levels (28 out of 31) in the ground vibrational state (vCO=0) of the dimer to be determined with "microwave" accuracy ((approximately-less-than)0.1 MHz). Four new subbands in the infrared spectrum have been assigned in terms of two new stacks of rotational levels in the excited vibrational state (vCO=1), one stack with K=0 and the other with K=1. Energies for these levels have been determined with "infrared" accuracy ((approximately-less-than)10 MHz). These results contribute significantly to the considerable body of precise experimental information available for a system that is ripe for further theoretical investigation. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 7519-7530 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pure rotational spectra of the van der Waals dimers of Ne, Kr, and Xe with CO have been measured using a pulsed jet, cavity microwave Fourier transform spectrometer. All transitions measured were a-type R-branches, obeying selection rules ΔJ=+1, ΔKa=0, and ΔKc=+1. Spectra with Ka=0 were measured for 7 isotopomers of Ne–CO, 13 of Kr–CO, and 17 of Xe–CO. Transitions with Ka=1 were measured for 20Ne–12C16O and 84Kr–12C16O. Rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants have been determined for all species, as well as the 17O quadrupole coupling constants χaa for 84Kr–13C17O and 20Ne–13C17O. Effective structural parameters have been calculated from the rotational constants. Results derived from the 17O quadrupole coupling constants and centrifugal distortion constants indicate that Ne–CO is considerably more flexible than Ar–CO, Kr–CO, or Xe–CO. Failure to observe hyperfine structure due to the 21Ne, 83Kr, and 131Xe nuclei is discussed in terms of the weak rare gas–CO bonding. Comparisons have been made to the isoelectronic rare gas–N2 van der Waals complexes. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 5439-5445 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pure rotational spectrum of the X 1Σ+ ground electronic state of yttrium monobromide has been measured. This is the first high-resolution spectrum recorded for this molecule. Transitions in the ground and first excited vibrational states have been measured for both the Y79Br and Y81Br isotopomers. Equilibrium rotational parameters have been determined and an equilibrium bond distance has been calculated. Vibrational parameters have been estimated. Hyperfine structure due to the bromine nuclei has been observed and nuclear quadrupole and nuclear spin–rotation constants have been determined. These parameters have been used to investigate the ionic character of the Y–Br bond and comparisons have been made to several alkali and alkaline earth metal bromide species. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 107 (1997), S. 9835-9841 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pure rotational spectrum of the free radical MgBr has been measured in its 2Σ+ ground electronic state by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Transitions have been observed for both 24Mg79Br and 24Mg81Br in the v=0 and v=1 vibrational states. Rotational and centrifugal distortion constants have been determined for each isotopomer in each vibrational state. Equilibrium rotational constants have been calculated and an accurate equilibrium bond length has been determined. Spin-rotation constants, for both the unpaired electron and the bromine nuclei, have been calculated along with magnetic and nuclear quadrupole hyperfine constants for the bromine nuclei. From these constants, the electronic structure of MgBr has been investigated and comparisons have been made to similar compounds. The unpaired electron spin density on the bromine nucleus has been found to be very small, suggesting that this is a very ionic compound. However, the Mg–Br bond has been found to have more covalent character than the bond in other alkaline earth monobromides. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Tegtmeier, Susann; Hegglin, Michaela I; Anderson, John; Funke, Bernd; Gille, John C; Jones, Ashley; Smith, Lesley; von Clarmann, Thomas; Walker, Kaley A (2016): The SPARC Data Initiative: comparisons of CFC-11, CFC-12, HF and SF〈sub〉6〈/sub〉 climatologies from international satellite limb sounders. Earth System Science Data, 8(1), 61-78, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Description: A quality assessment of the CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HF, and SF6 products from limb-viewing satellite instruments is provided by means of a detailed intercomparison. The climatologies in the form of monthly zonal mean time series are obtained from HALOE, MIPAS, ACE-FTS, and HIRDLS within the time period 1991-2010. The intercomparisons focus on the mean biases of the monthly and annual zonal mean fields and aim to identify their vertical, latitudinal and temporal structure. The CFC evaluations (based on MIPAS, ACE-FTS and HIRDLS) reveal that the uncertainty in our knowledge of the atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 mean state, as given by satellite data sets, is smallest in the tropics and mid-latitudes at altitudes below 50 and 20 hPa, respectively, with a 1sigma multi-instrument spread of up to ±5 %. For HF, the situation is reversed. The two available data sets (HALOE and ACE-FTS) agree well above 100 hPa, with a spread in this region of ±5 to ±10 %, while at altitudes below 100 hPa the HF annual mean state is less well known, with a spread ±30 % and larger. The atmospheric SF6 annual mean states derived from two satellite data sets (MIPAS and ACE-FTS) show only very small differences with a spread of less than ±5 % and often below ±2.5 %. While the overall agreement among the climatological data sets is very good for large parts of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (CFCs, SF6) or middle stratosphere (HF), individual discrepancies have been identified. Pronounced deviations between the instrument climatologies exist for particular atmospheric regions which differ from gas to gas. Notable features are differently shaped isopleths in the subtropics, deviations in the vertical gradients in the lower stratosphere and in the meridional gradients in the upper troposphere, and inconsistencies in the seasonal cycle. Additionally, long-term drifts between the instruments have been identified for the CFC-11 and CFC-12 time series. The evaluations as a whole provide guidance on what data sets are the most reliable for applications such as studies of atmospheric transport and variability, model-measurement comparisons and detection of long-term trends.
    Keywords: File name; Uniform resource locator/link to file
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 146 data points
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-01-31
    Description: Stratospheric ozone loss inside the Arctic polar vortex for the winters between 2004–2005 and 2012–2013 has been quantified using measurements from the space-borne Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). For the first time, an evaluation has been performed of six different ozone loss estimation methods based on the same single observational dataset to determine the Arctic ozone loss (mixing ratio loss profiles and the partial-column ozone losses between 380 and 550 K). The methods used are the tracer-tracer correlation, the artificial tracer correlation, the average vortex profile descent, and the passive subtraction with model output from both Lagrangian and Eulerian chemical transport models (CTMs). For the tracer-tracer, the artificial tracer, and the average vortex profile descent approaches, various tracers have been used that are also measured by ACE-FTS. From these seven tracers investigated (CH4, N2O, HF, OCS, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113), we found that CH4, N2O, HF, and CFC-12 are the most suitable tracers for investigating polar stratospheric ozone depletion with ACE-FTS v3.5. The ozone loss estimates (in terms of the mixing ratio as well as total column ozone) are generally in good agreement between the different methods and among the different tracers. However, using the average vortex profile descent technique typically leads to smaller maximum losses (by approximately 15–30 DU) compared to all other methods. The passive subtraction method using output from CTMs generally results in slightly larger losses compared to the techniques that use ACE-FTS measurements only. The ozone loss computed, using both measurements and models, shows the greatest loss during the 2010–2011 Arctic winter. For that year, our results show that maximum ozone loss (2.1–2.7 ppmv) occurred at 460 K. The estimated partial-column ozone loss inside the polar vortex (between 380 and 550 K) using the different methods is 66–103, 61–95, 59–96, 41–89, and 85–122 DU for March 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Ozone loss is difficult to diagnose for the Arctic winters during 2005–2006, 2008–2009, 2011–2012, and 2012–2013, because strong polar vortex disturbance or major sudden stratospheric warming events significantly perturbed the polar vortex, thereby limiting the number of measurements available for the analysis of ozone loss.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter–spring. In the Antarctic, essentially complete removal of lower-stratospheric ozone currently results in an ozone hole every year, whereas in the Arctic, ozone loss is highly variable and has until now been much more limited. Here we demonstrate that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was—for the first time in the observational record—comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole. Unusually long-lasting cold conditions in the Arctic lower stratosphere led to persistent enhancement in ozone-destroying forms of chlorine and to unprecedented ozone loss, which exceeded 80 per cent over 18–20 kilometres altitude. Our results show that Arctic ozone holes are possible even with temperatures much milder than those in the Antarctic. We cannot at present predict when such severe Arctic ozone depletion may be matched or exceeded.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: The ozone profile records of a large number of limb and occultation satellite instruments are widely used to address several key questions in ozone research. Further progress in some domains depends on a more detailed understanding of these data sets, especially of their long-term stability and their mutual consistency. To this end, we made a systematic assessment of 14 limb and occultation sounders that, together, provide more than three decades of global ozone profile measurements. In particular, we considered the latest operational Level-2 records by SAGE II, SAGE III, HALOE, UARS MLS, Aura MLS, POAM II, POAM III, OSIRIS, SMR, GOMOS, MIPAS, SCIAMACHY, ACE-FTS and MAESTRO. Central to our work is a consistent and robust analysis of the comparisons against the ground-based ozonesonde and stratospheric ozone lidar networks. It allowed us to investigate, from the troposphere up to the stratopause, the following main aspects of satellite data quality: long-term stability, overall bias and short-term variability, together with their dependence on geophysical parameters and profile representation. In addition, it permitted us to quantify the overall consistency between the ozone profilers. Generally, we found that between 20 and 40 km the satellite ozone measurement biases are smaller than ±5 %, the short-term variabilities are less than 5–12 % and the drifts are at most ±5 %  per decade (or even ±3 % per  decade for a few records). The agreement with ground-based data degrades somewhat towards the stratopause and especially towards the tropopause where natural variability and low ozone abundances impede a more precise analysis. In part of the stratosphere a few records deviate from the preceding general conclusions; we identified biases of 10 % and more (POAM II and SCIAMACHY), markedly higher single-profile variability (SMR and SCIAMACHY) and significant long-term drifts (SCIAMACHY, OSIRIS, HALOE and possibly GOMOS and SMR as well). Furthermore, we reflected on the repercussions of our findings for the construction, analysis and interpretation of merged data records. Most notably, the discrepancies between several recent ozone profile trend assessments can be mostly explained by instrumental drift. This clearly demonstrates the need for systematic comprehensive multi-instrument comparison analyses.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-08-31
    Description: The GEOS-Chem simulation of atmospheric CH4 was evaluated against observations from the Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observations Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), and the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We focused on the model simulations at the 4∘×5∘ and 2∘×2.5∘ horizontal resolutions for the period of February–May 2010. Compared to the GOSAT, TCCON, and ACE-FTS data, we found that the 2∘×2.5∘ model produced a better simulation of CH4, with smaller biases and a higher correlation to the independent data. We found large resolution-dependent differences such as a latitude-dependent XCH4 bias, with higher column abundances of CH4 at high latitudes and lower abundances at low latitudes at the 4∘×5∘ resolution than at 2∘×2.5∘. We also found large differences in CH4 column abundances between the two resolutions over major source regions such as China. These differences resulted in up to 30 % differences in inferred regional CH4 emission estimates from the two model resolutions. We performed several experiments using 222Rn, 7Be, and CH4 to determine the origins of the resolution-dependent errors. The results suggested that the major source of the latitude-dependent errors is excessive mixing in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, including mixing at the edge of the polar vortex, which is pronounced at the 4∘×5∘ resolution. At the coarser resolution, there is weakened vertical transport in the troposphere at midlatitudes to high latitudes due to the loss of sub-grid tracer eddy mass flux in the storm track regions. The vertical air mass fluxes are calculated in the model from the degraded coarse-resolution wind fields and the model does not conserve the air mass flux between model resolutions; as a result, the low resolution does not fully capture the vertical transport. This produces significant localized discrepancies, such as much greater CH4 abundances in the lower troposphere over China at 4∘×5∘ than at 2∘×2.5∘. Although we found that the CH4 simulation is significantly better at 2∘×2.5∘ than at 4∘×5∘, biases may still be present at 2∘×2.5∘ resolution. Their importance, particularly in regards to inverse modeling of CH4 emissions, should be evaluated in future studies using online transport in the native general circulation model as a benchmark simulation.
    Print ISSN: 1991-959X
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-9603
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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