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  • 1
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    The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean (2021)
    In:  EPIC3Science, 371(6529)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-17
    Description: Oceans have become substantially noisier since the Industrial Revolution. Shipping, resource exploration, and infrastructure development have increased the anthrophony (sounds generated by human activities), whereas the biophony (sounds of biological origin) has been reduced by hunting, fishing, and habitat degradation. Climate change is affecting geophony (abiotic, natural sounds). Existing evidence shows that anthrophony affects marine animals at multiple levels, including their behavior, physiology, and, in extreme cases, survival. This should prompt management actions to deploy existing solutions to reduce noise levels in the ocean, thereby allowing marine animals to reestablish their use of ocean sound as a central ecological trait in a healthy ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Ocean community warming responses explained by thermal affinities and temperature gradients (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Nature Climate Change, 9(12), pp. 959-963, ISSN: 1758-678X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-09
    Description: As ocean temperatures rise, species distributions are tracking towards historically cooler regions in line with their thermal affinity(1,2). However, different responses of species to warming and changed species interactions make predicting biodiversity redistribution and relative abundance a challenge(3,4). Here, we use three decades of fish and plankton survey data to assess how warming changes the relative dominance of warm-affinity and cold-affinity species(5,6). Regions with stable temperatures (for example, the Northeast Pacific and Gulf of Mexico) show little change in dominance structure, while areas with warming (for example, the North Atlantic) see strong shifts towards warm-water species dominance. Importantly, communities whose species pools had diverse thermal affinities and a narrower range of thermal tolerance showed greater sensitivity, as anticipated from simulations. The composition of fish communities changed less than expected in regions with strong temperature depth gradients. There, species track temperatures by moving deeper(2,7), rather than horizontally, analogous to elevation shifts in land plants(8). Temperature thus emerges as a fundamental driver for change in marine systems, with predictable restructuring of communities in the most rapidly warming areas using metrics based on species thermal affinities. The ready and predictable dominance shifts suggest a strong prognosis of resilience to climate change for these communities.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 3
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    Scenario analysis can guide aquaculture planning to meet sustainable future production goals (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-11, ISSN: 1054-3139
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-23
    Description: Marine aquaculture holds great promise for meeting increasing demand for healthy protein that is sustainably produced, but reaching necessary production levels will be challenging. The ecosystem approach to aquaculture is a framework for sustainable aquaculture development that prioritizes multiple-stakeholder participation and spatial planning. These types of approaches have been increasingly used to help guide sustainable, persistent, and equitable aquaculture planning, but most countries have difficulties in setting or meeting longer-term development goals. Scenario analysis (SA) for future planning uses similar approaches and can complement holistic methods, such as the ecosystem approach to aquaculture framework, by providing a temporal analogue to the spatially robust design. Here we define the SA approach to planning in aquaculture, outline how SA can benefit aquaculture planning, and review how this tool is already being used. We track the use of planning tools in the 20 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea member nations, with particular attention given to Norway’s development goals to 2050. We conclude that employing a combination of an ecosystem framework with scenario analyses may help identify the scale of development aquaculture goals over time, aid in evaluating the feasibility of the desired outcomes, and highlight potential social-ecological conflicts and trade-offs that may otherwise be overlooked.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Upgrading Marine Ecosystem Restoration Using Ecological–Social Concepts (2016)
    In:  EPIC3BioScience, 66(2), pp. 156-163
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-23
    Description: Conservation and environmental management are principal countermeasures to the degradation of marine ecosystems and their services.However, in many cases, current practices are insufficient to reverse ecosystem declines. We suggest that restoration ecology, the science underlying the concepts and tools needed to restore ecosystems, must be recognized as an integral element for marine conservation and environmental management. Marine restoration ecology is a young scientific discipline, often with gaps between its application and the supporting science. Bridging these gaps is essential to using restoration as an effective management tool and reversing the decline of marine ecosystems and their services. Ecological restoration should address objectives that include improved ecosystem services, and it therefore should encompass social–ecological elements rather than focusing solely on ecological parameters. We recommend using existing management frameworks to identify clear restoration targets, to apply quantitative tools for assessment, and to make the re-establishment of ecosystem services a criterion for success.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Integrating climate change in ocean planning (2020)
    In:  EPIC3Nature Sustainability, ISSN: 2398-9629
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-21
    Description: The acceleration of global warming and increased vulnerability of marine social-ecological systems affect the benefits provided by the ocean. Spatial planning of marine areas is vital to balance multiple human demands and ensure a healthy ocean, while supporting global ocean goals. To thrive in a changing ocean though, marine spatial planning (MSP) must effectively integrate climate change. By reviewing existing literature on MSP and climate change, we explore the links between them and with ocean sustainability, highlight management challenges, and identify potential pathways to guide action towards the effective integration of climate impacts in MSP.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks (2010)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Foundation for Environmental Conservation, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of Cambridge University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Environmental Conservation 36 (2009): 268-276, doi:10.1017/S0376892910000032.
    Description: No-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.
    Description: Support was provided by a grant from the David and Lucille Packard Foundation to NCEAS for ecosystem-based management ofmarine systems, the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (contribution number 348), the Sustainable Fisheries Group supported by the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation and the Bahamas Biocomplexity Project (US NSF Biocomplexity grantOCE-0119976) andUS EPA Science to Achieve Results (R832223).
    Keywords: Adult fish movement ; Fisheries ; Global ; Marine protected areas ; No-take reserves ; Spillover effect ; Synthesis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Mind the gap between ICES nations’ future seafood consumption and aquaculture production (2020)
    OXFORD UNIV PRESS
    In:  EPIC3ICES Journal of Marine Science, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, ISSN: 1054-3139
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-07
    Description: As the human population grows and climate change threatens the stability of seafood sources, we face the key question of how we will meetincreasing demand, and do so sustainably. Many of the 20 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) member nations havebeen global leaders in the protection and management of wild fisheries, but to date, most of these nations have not developed robust aqua-culture industries. Using existing data and documentation of aquaculture targets from government and industry, we compiled and analysedpast trends in farmed and wild seafood production and consumption in ICES nations, as well as the potential and need to increase aquacul-ture production by 2050. We found that the majority of ICES nations lacks long-term strategies for aquaculture growth, with an increasinggap between future domestic production and consumption—resulting in a potential 7 million tonne domestic seafood deficit by 2050, whichwould be supplemented by imports from other countries (e.g. China). We also found recognition of climate change as a concern for aquacul-ture growth, but little on what that means for meeting production goals. Our findings highlight the need to prioritize aquaculture policy toset more ambitious domestic production goals and/or improve sustainable sourcing of seafood from other parts of the world, with explicitrecognition and strategic planning for climate change affecting such decisions. In short, there is a need for greater concerted effort by ICES member nations to address aquaculture’s long-term future prospects.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 8
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    Assessing the health of the U.S. west coast with a regional-scale application of the Ocean Health Index (2014)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This is an open-access article, free of all copyright. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e98995, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098995.
    Description: Management of marine ecosystems increasingly demands comprehensive and quantitative assessments of ocean health, but lacks a tool to do so. We applied the recently developed Ocean Health Index to assess ocean health in the relatively data-rich US west coast region. The overall region scored 71 out of 100, with sub-regions scoring from 65 (Washington) to 74 (Oregon). Highest scoring goals included tourism and recreation (99) and clean waters (87), while the lowest scoring goals were sense of place (48) and artisanal fishing opportunities (57). Surprisingly, even in this well-studied area data limitations precluded robust assessments of past trends in overall ocean health. Nonetheless, retrospective calculation of current status showed that many goals have declined, by up to 20%. In contrast, near-term future scores were on average 6% greater than current status across all goals and sub-regions. Application of hypothetical but realistic management scenarios illustrate how the Index can be used to predict and understand the tradeoffs among goals and consequences for overall ocean health. We illustrate and discuss how this index can be used to vet underlying assumptions and decisions with local stakeholders and decision-makers so that scores reflect regional knowledge, priorities and values. We also highlight the importance of ongoing and future monitoring that will provide robust data relevant to ocean health assessment.
    Description: Beau and Heather Wrigley generously provided the founding grant. Additional financial and in-kind support was provided by the Pacific Life Foundation, Thomas W. Haas Fund of the New Hampshire Charitable Foundation, the Oak Foundation, Akiko Shiraki Dynner Fund for Ocean Exploration and Conservation, Darden Restaurants Inc. Foundation, Conservation International, New England Aquarium, National Geographic, and the University of California Santa Barbara's National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, which supported the Ecosystem Health Working Group as part of the Science of Ecosystem-Based Management project funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Individual authors also acknowledge support from the U.S. National Science Foundation.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Marine conservation: towards a multi-layered network approach (2020)
    ROYAL SOC
    In:  EPIC3Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, ROYAL SOC, 375(1814), ISSN: 0962-8436
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Valuing, managing and conserving marine biodiversity and a full range of ecosystem services is at the forefront of research and policy agendas. However, biodiversity is being lost at up to a thousand times the average background rate. Traditional disciplinary and siloed conservation approaches are not able to tackle this massive loss of biodiversity because they generally ignore or overlook the interactive and dynamic nature of ecosystems processes, limiting their predictability. To conserve marine biodiversity, we must assess the interactions and impacts among biodiversity and ecosystem services (BD-ES). The scaling up in complexity from single species to entire communities is necessary, albeit challenging, for a deeper understanding of how ecosystem services relate to biodiversity and the roles species have in ecosystem service provision. These interactions are challenging to map, let alone fully assess, but network and system-based approaches provide a powerful way to progress beyond those limitations. Here, we introduce a conceptual multi-layered network approach to understanding how ecosystem services supported by biodiversity drive the total service provision, how different stressors impact BD-ES and where conservation efforts should be placed to optimize the delivery of ecosystem services and protection of biodiversity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Comparative terrestrial feed and land use of an aquaculture-dominant world (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Description: Reducing food production pressures on the environment while feeding an ever-growing human population is one of the grand challenges facing humanity. The magnitude of environmental impacts from food production, largely around land use, has motivated evaluation of the environmental and health benefits of shifting diets, typically away from meat toward other sources, including seafood. However, total global catch of wild seafood has remained relatively unchanged for the last two decades, suggesting increased demand for seafood will mostly have to rely on aquaculture (i.e., aquatic farming). Increasingly, cultivated aquatic species depend on feed inputs from agricultural sources, raising concerns around further straining crops and land use for feed. However, the relative impact and potential of aquaculture remains unclear. Here we simulate how different forms of aquaculture contribute and compare with feed and land use of terrestrial meat production and how spatial patterns might change by midcentury if diets move toward more cultured seafood and less meat. Using country-level aquatic and terrestrial data, we show that aquaculture requires less feed crops and land, even if over one-third of protein production comes from aquaculture by 2050. However, feed and land-sparing benefits are spatially heterogeneous, driven by differing patterns of production, trade, and feed composition. Ultimately, our study highlights the future potential and uncertainties of considering aquaculture in the portfolio of sustainability solutions around one of the largest anthropogenic impacts on the planet.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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