ALBERT

Description: New 40Ar/39Ar ages from detrital K-feldspars and metamorphic white micas from the Eastern Province terranes of New Zealand have been used to investigate the thermo-tectonic history of different parts of an exhumed Mesozoic forearc basin and accretionary wedge. K-feldspars from barely metamorphosed sedimentary host rocks mainly record detrital source area ages whereas those from zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies host rocks have textures and argon age spectra that indicate recrystallization during regional low-temperature metamorphism. The results contribute to a model that genetically links thermo-tectonic events across the accretionary wedge and forearc basin elements of the convergent margin, and into the Median Batholith arc probably by the Early Cretaceous and possibly by the Middle Jurassic. Thus, even though multidiffusion domain (MDD) models cannot be used to make inference on cooling histories in such situations, the K-feldspar argon thermochronometer can provide useful information on the timing of geological events in sub-greenschist facies rocks.

Description: During regional prograde metamorphism, H 2 O generated by ongoing dehydration reactions is likely to be continuously lost from a rock by compaction. Classical melting experiments cannot easily simulate this phenomenon because ideally all run products are conserved within the experimental charge even though significant equilibration and H 2 O generation may occur during heating. Phase equilibria modelling is used to consider the effect of Subsolidus water loss on subsequent melting relationships of felsic lithologies (including metapelite, metagreywacke and metatonalite) in the suprasolidus. Subsolidus water loss drives the bulk composition towards the minimum saturation point on the boundary of the wet melting field and results in significantly reduced subsequent melt generation when compared to melting experiments involving conservation of subsolidus H 2 O. This effect is most significant at P-T conditions just above the solidus. For initially-hydrated rocks, the reduction in melt production causes rheologically critical thresholds (e.g. melt connectivity threshold, melt escape threshold and the solid-to-liquid transition) to be intersected at temperatures generally more than 100 ° C higher than predicted by idealised experimental melting curves. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Description: Motivation: We present a Web service to access Ensembl data using Representational State Transfer (REST). The Ensembl REST server enables the easy retrieval of a wide range of Ensembl data by most programming languages, using standard formats such as JSON and FASTA while minimizing client work. We also introduce bindings to the popular Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor tool permitting large-scale programmatic variant analysis independent of any specific programming language. Availability and implementation: The Ensembl REST API can be accessed at http://rest.ensembl.org and source code is freely available under an Apache 2.0 license from http://github.com/Ensembl/ensembl-rest . Contact: ayates@ebi.ac.uk or flicek@ebi.ac.uk Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaren, D S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jul 22;241(4864):399-400.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3393905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a five-year mortality of 97-98%, usually due to widespread metastatic disease. Previous studies indicate that this disease has a complex genomic landscape, with frequent copy number changes and point mutations, but genomic rearrangements have not been characterized in detail. Despite the clinical importance of metastasis, there remain fundamental questions about the clonal structures of metastatic tumours, including phylogenetic relationships among metastases, the scale of ongoing parallel evolution in metastatic and primary sites, and how the tumour disseminates. Here we harness advances in DNA sequencing to annotate genomic rearrangements in 13 patients with pancreatic cancer and explore clonal relationships among metastases. We find that pancreatic cancer acquires rearrangements indicative of telomere dysfunction and abnormal cell-cycle control, namely dysregulated G1-to-S-phase transition with intact G2-M checkpoint. These initiate amplification of cancer genes and occur predominantly in early cancer development rather than the later stages of the disease. Genomic instability frequently persists after cancer dissemination, resulting in ongoing, parallel and even convergent evolution among different metastases. We find evidence that there is genetic heterogeneity among metastasis-initiating cells, that seeding metastasis may require driver mutations beyond those required for primary tumours, and that phylogenetic trees across metastases show organ-specific branches. These data attest to the richness of genetic variation in cancer, brought about by the tandem forces of genomic instability and evolutionary selection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137369/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137369/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, Peter J -- Yachida, Shinichi -- Mudie, Laura J -- Stephens, Philip J -- Pleasance, Erin D -- Stebbings, Lucy A -- Morsberger, Laura A -- Latimer, Calli -- McLaren, Stuart -- Lin, Meng-Lay -- McBride, David J -- Varela, Ignacio -- Nik-Zainal, Serena A -- Leroy, Catherine -- Jia, Mingming -- Menzies, Andrew -- Butler, Adam P -- Teague, Jon W -- Griffin, Constance A -- Burton, John -- Swerdlow, Harold -- Quail, Michael A -- Stratton, Michael R -- Iacobuzio-Donahue, Christine -- Futreal, P Andrew -- 077012/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 093867/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- CA106610/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA140599/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA106610/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA106610-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA106610-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K08 CA106610-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140599/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140599-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140599-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA140599-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- WT088340MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 28;467(7319):1109-13. doi: 10.1038/nature09460.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1) retrotransposons are mobile repetitive elements that are abundant in the human genome. L1 elements propagate through RNA intermediates. In the germ line, neighboring, nonrepetitive sequences are occasionally mobilized by the L1 machinery, a process called 3' transduction. Because 3' transductions are potentially mutagenic, we explored the extent to which they occur somatically during tumorigenesis. Studying cancer genomes from 244 patients, we found that tumors from 53% of the patients had somatic retrotranspositions, of which 24% were 3' transductions. Fingerprinting of donor L1s revealed that a handful of source L1 elements in a tumor can spawn from tens to hundreds of 3' transductions, which can themselves seed further retrotranspositions. The activity of individual L1 elements fluctuated during tumor evolution and correlated with L1 promoter hypomethylation. The 3' transductions disseminated genes, exons, and regulatory elements to new locations, most often to heterochromatic regions of the genome.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380235/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380235/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tubio, Jose M C -- Li, Yilong -- Ju, Young Seok -- Martincorena, Inigo -- Cooke, Susanna L -- Tojo, Marta -- Gundem, Gunes -- Pipinikas, Christodoulos P -- Zamora, Jorge -- Raine, Keiran -- Menzies, Andrew -- Roman-Garcia, Pablo -- Fullam, Anthony -- Gerstung, Moritz -- Shlien, Adam -- Tarpey, Patrick S -- Papaemmanuil, Elli -- Knappskog, Stian -- Van Loo, Peter -- Ramakrishna, Manasa -- Davies, Helen R -- Marshall, John -- Wedge, David C -- Teague, Jon W -- Butler, Adam P -- Nik-Zainal, Serena -- Alexandrov, Ludmil -- Behjati, Sam -- Yates, Lucy R -- Bolli, Niccolo -- Mudie, Laura -- Hardy, Claire -- Martin, Sancha -- McLaren, Stuart -- O'Meara, Sarah -- Anderson, Elizabeth -- Maddison, Mark -- Gamble, Stephen -- ICGC Breast Cancer Group -- ICGC Bone Cancer Group -- ICGC Prostate Cancer Group -- Foster, Christopher -- Warren, Anne Y -- Whitaker, Hayley -- Brewer, Daniel -- Eeles, Rosalind -- Cooper, Colin -- Neal, David -- Lynch, Andy G -- Visakorpi, Tapio -- Isaacs, William B -- van't Veer, Laura -- Caldas, Carlos -- Desmedt, Christine -- Sotiriou, Christos -- Aparicio, Sam -- Foekens, John A -- Eyfjord, Jorunn Erla -- Lakhani, Sunil R -- Thomas, Gilles -- Myklebost, Ola -- Span, Paul N -- Borresen-Dale, Anne-Lise -- Richardson, Andrea L -- Van de Vijver, Marc -- Vincent-Salomon, Anne -- Van den Eynden, Gert G -- Flanagan, Adrienne M -- Futreal, P Andrew -- Janes, Sam M -- Bova, G Steven -- Stratton, Michael R -- McDermott, Ultan -- Campbell, Peter J -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091730/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 14835/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C5047/A14835/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- G0900871/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30 CA006973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- WT100183MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):1251343. doi: 10.1126/science.1251343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-Center for Resesarch in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ; Lungs for Living Research Centre, Rayne Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, VIB and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ; University of Liverpool and HCA Pathology Laboratories, London, UK. ; Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. ; Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. ; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London, UK. ; Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology-BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. ; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. ; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. ; British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. ; Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. ; Universite Lyon 1, Institut National du Cancer (INCa)-Synergie, Lyon, France. ; Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. ; Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands. ; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; Institut Bergonie, 229 cours de l'Argone, 33076 Bordeaux, France. Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France. ; Translational Cancer Research Unit and Department of Pathology, GZA Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium. ; Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Middlesex, UK. UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. pc8@sanger.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: For 10,000 years pigs and humans have shared a close and complex relationship. From domestication to modern breeding practices, humans have shaped the genomes of domestic pigs. Here we present the assembly and analysis of the genome sequence of a female domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa) and a comparison with the genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Europe and Asia. Wild pigs emerged in South East Asia and subsequently spread across Eurasia. Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars approximately 1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Genes associated with immune response and olfaction exhibit fast evolution. Pigs have the largest repertoire of functional olfactory receptor genes, reflecting the importance of smell in this scavenging animal. The pig genome sequence provides an important resource for further improvements of this important livestock species, and our identification of many putative disease-causing variants extends the potential of the pig as a biomedical model.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566564/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566564/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Groenen, Martien A M -- Archibald, Alan L -- Uenishi, Hirohide -- Tuggle, Christopher K -- Takeuchi, Yasuhiro -- Rothschild, Max F -- Rogel-Gaillard, Claire -- Park, Chankyu -- Milan, Denis -- Megens, Hendrik-Jan -- Li, Shengting -- Larkin, Denis M -- Kim, Heebal -- Frantz, Laurent A F -- Caccamo, Mario -- Ahn, Hyeonju -- Aken, Bronwen L -- Anselmo, Anna -- Anthon, Christian -- Auvil, Loretta -- Badaoui, Bouabid -- Beattie, Craig W -- Bendixen, Christian -- Berman, Daniel -- Blecha, Frank -- Blomberg, Jonas -- Bolund, Lars -- Bosse, Mirte -- Botti, Sara -- Bujie, Zhan -- Bystrom, Megan -- Capitanu, Boris -- Carvalho-Silva, Denise -- Chardon, Patrick -- Chen, Celine -- Cheng, Ryan -- Choi, Sang-Haeng -- Chow, William -- Clark, Richard C -- Clee, Christopher -- Crooijmans, Richard P M A -- Dawson, Harry D -- Dehais, Patrice -- De Sapio, Fioravante -- Dibbits, Bert -- Drou, Nizar -- Du, Zhi-Qiang -- Eversole, Kellye -- Fadista, Joao -- Fairley, Susan -- Faraut, Thomas -- Faulkner, Geoffrey J -- Fowler, Katie E -- Fredholm, Merete -- Fritz, Eric -- Gilbert, James G R -- Giuffra, Elisabetta -- Gorodkin, Jan -- Griffin, Darren K -- Harrow, Jennifer L -- Hayward, Alexander -- Howe, Kerstin -- Hu, Zhi-Liang -- Humphray, Sean J -- Hunt, Toby -- Hornshoj, Henrik -- Jeon, Jin-Tae -- Jern, Patric -- Jones, Matthew -- Jurka, Jerzy -- Kanamori, Hiroyuki -- Kapetanovic, Ronan -- Kim, Jaebum -- Kim, Jae-Hwan -- Kim, Kyu-Won -- Kim, Tae-Hun -- Larson, Greger -- Lee, Kyooyeol -- Lee, Kyung-Tai -- Leggett, Richard -- Lewin, Harris A -- Li, Yingrui -- Liu, Wansheng -- Loveland, Jane E -- Lu, Yao -- Lunney, Joan K -- Ma, Jian -- Madsen, Ole -- Mann, Katherine -- Matthews, Lucy -- McLaren, Stuart -- Morozumi, Takeya -- Murtaugh, Michael P -- Narayan, Jitendra -- Nguyen, Dinh Truong -- Ni, Peixiang -- Oh, Song-Jung -- Onteru, Suneel -- Panitz, Frank -- Park, Eung-Woo -- Park, Hong-Seog -- Pascal, Geraldine -- Paudel, Yogesh -- Perez-Enciso, Miguel -- Ramirez-Gonzalez, Ricardo -- Reecy, James M -- Rodriguez-Zas, Sandra -- Rohrer, Gary A -- Rund, Lauretta -- Sang, Yongming -- Schachtschneider, Kyle -- Schraiber, Joshua G -- Schwartz, John -- Scobie, Linda -- Scott, Carol -- Searle, Stephen -- Servin, Bertrand -- Southey, Bruce R -- Sperber, Goran -- Stadler, Peter -- Sweedler, Jonathan V -- Tafer, Hakim -- Thomsen, Bo -- Wali, Rashmi -- Wang, Jian -- Wang, Jun -- White, Simon -- Xu, Xun -- Yerle, Martine -- Zhang, Guojie -- Zhang, Jianguo -- Zhang, Jie -- Zhao, Shuhong -- Rogers, Jane -- Churcher, Carol -- Schook, Lawrence B -- 095908/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 249894/European Research Council/International -- 5 P41 LM006252/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- 5 P41LM006252/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- BB/E010520/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E010520/2/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E010768/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E011640/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G004013/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/H005935/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/I025328/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0900950/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P20-RR017686/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P30 DA018310/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R13 RR020283A/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R13 RR032267A/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R21 DA027548/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R21 HG006464/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI083196/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):393-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11622.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands. martien.groenen@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23151582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The genetics of renal cancer is dominated by inactivation of the VHL tumour suppressor gene in clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the commonest histological subtype. A recent large-scale screen of approximately 3,500 genes by PCR-based exon re-sequencing identified several new cancer genes in ccRCC including UTX (also known as KDM6A), JARID1C (also known as KDM5C) and SETD2 (ref. 2). These genes encode enzymes that demethylate (UTX, JARID1C) or methylate (SETD2) key lysine residues of histone H3. Modification of the methylation state of these lysine residues of histone H3 regulates chromatin structure and is implicated in transcriptional control. However, together these mutations are present in fewer than 15% of ccRCC, suggesting the existence of additional, currently unidentified cancer genes. Here, we have sequenced the protein coding exome in a series of primary ccRCC and report the identification of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex gene PBRM1 (ref. 4) as a second major ccRCC cancer gene, with truncating mutations in 41% (92/227) of cases. These data further elucidate the somatic genetic architecture of ccRCC and emphasize the marked contribution of aberrant chromatin biology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030920/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030920/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Varela, Ignacio -- Tarpey, Patrick -- Raine, Keiran -- Huang, Dachuan -- Ong, Choon Kiat -- Stephens, Philip -- Davies, Helen -- Jones, David -- Lin, Meng-Lay -- Teague, Jon -- Bignell, Graham -- Butler, Adam -- Cho, Juok -- Dalgliesh, Gillian L -- Galappaththige, Danushka -- Greenman, Chris -- Hardy, Claire -- Jia, Mingming -- Latimer, Calli -- Lau, King Wai -- Marshall, John -- McLaren, Stuart -- Menzies, Andrew -- Mudie, Laura -- Stebbings, Lucy -- Largaespada, David A -- Wessels, L F A -- Richard, Stephane -- Kahnoski, Richard J -- Anema, John -- Tuveson, David A -- Perez-Mancera, Pedro A -- Mustonen, Ville -- Fischer, Andrej -- Adams, David J -- Rust, Alistair -- Chan-on, Waraporn -- Subimerb, Chutima -- Dykema, Karl -- Furge, Kyle -- Campbell, Peter J -- Teh, Bin Tean -- Stratton, Michael R -- Futreal, P Andrew -- 077012/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077012/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 093867/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 CA113636/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA134759/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 27;469(7331):539-42. doi: 10.1038/nature09639. Epub 2011 Jan 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21248752" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Zebrafish have become a popular organism for the study of vertebrate gene function. The virtually transparent embryos of this species, and the ability to accelerate genetic studies by gene knockdown or overexpression, have led to the widespread use of zebrafish in the detailed investigation of vertebrate gene function and increasingly, the study of human genetic disease. However, for effective modelling of human genetic disease it is important to understand the extent to which zebrafish genes and gene structures are related to orthologous human genes. To examine this, we generated a high-quality sequence assembly of the zebrafish genome, made up of an overlapping set of completely sequenced large-insert clones that were ordered and oriented using a high-resolution high-density meiotic map. Detailed automatic and manual annotation provides evidence of more than 26,000 protein-coding genes, the largest gene set of any vertebrate so far sequenced. Comparison to the human reference genome shows that approximately 70% of human genes have at least one obvious zebrafish orthologue. In addition, the high quality of this genome assembly provides a clearer understanding of key genomic features such as a unique repeat content, a scarcity of pseudogenes, an enrichment of zebrafish-specific genes on chromosome 4 and chromosomal regions that influence sex determination.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703927/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703927/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Howe, Kerstin -- Clark, Matthew D -- Torroja, Carlos F -- Torrance, James -- Berthelot, Camille -- Muffato, Matthieu -- Collins, John E -- Humphray, Sean -- McLaren, Karen -- Matthews, Lucy -- McLaren, Stuart -- Sealy, Ian -- Caccamo, Mario -- Churcher, Carol -- Scott, Carol -- Barrett, Jeffrey C -- Koch, Romke -- Rauch, Gerd-Jorg -- White, Simon -- Chow, William -- Kilian, Britt -- Quintais, Leonor T -- Guerra-Assuncao, Jose A -- Zhou, Yi -- Gu, Yong -- Yen, Jennifer -- Vogel, Jan-Hinnerk -- Eyre, Tina -- Redmond, Seth -- Banerjee, Ruby -- Chi, Jianxiang -- Fu, Beiyuan -- Langley, Elizabeth -- Maguire, Sean F -- Laird, Gavin K -- Lloyd, David -- Kenyon, Emma -- Donaldson, Sarah -- Sehra, Harminder -- Almeida-King, Jeff -- Loveland, Jane -- Trevanion, Stephen -- Jones, Matt -- Quail, Mike -- Willey, Dave -- Hunt, Adrienne -- Burton, John -- Sims, Sarah -- McLay, Kirsten -- Plumb, Bob -- Davis, Joy -- Clee, Chris -- Oliver, Karen -- Clark, Richard -- Riddle, Clare -- Elliot, David -- Threadgold, Glen -- Harden, Glenn -- Ware, Darren -- Begum, Sharmin -- Mortimore, Beverley -- Kerry, Giselle -- Heath, Paul -- Phillimore, Benjamin -- Tracey, Alan -- Corby, Nicole -- Dunn, Matthew -- Johnson, Christopher -- Wood, Jonathan -- Clark, Susan -- Pelan, Sarah -- Griffiths, Guy -- Smith, Michelle -- Glithero, Rebecca -- Howden, Philip -- Barker, Nicholas -- Lloyd, Christine -- Stevens, Christopher -- Harley, Joanna -- Holt, Karen -- Panagiotidis, Georgios -- Lovell, Jamieson -- Beasley, Helen -- Henderson, Carl -- Gordon, Daria -- Auger, Katherine -- Wright, Deborah -- Collins, Joanna -- Raisen, Claire -- Dyer, Lauren -- Leung, Kenric -- Robertson, Lauren -- Ambridge, Kirsty -- Leongamornlert, Daniel -- McGuire, Sarah -- Gilderthorp, Ruth -- Griffiths, Coline -- Manthravadi, Deepa -- Nichol, Sarah -- Barker, Gary -- Whitehead, Siobhan -- Kay, Michael -- Brown, Jacqueline -- Murnane, Clare -- Gray, Emma -- Humphries, Matthew -- Sycamore, Neil -- Barker, Darren -- Saunders, David -- Wallis, Justene -- Babbage, Anne -- Hammond, Sian -- Mashreghi-Mohammadi, Maryam -- Barr, Lucy -- Martin, Sancha -- Wray, Paul -- Ellington, Andrew -- Matthews, Nicholas -- Ellwood, Matthew -- Woodmansey, Rebecca -- Clark, Graham -- Cooper, James D -- Tromans, Anthony -- Grafham, Darren -- Skuce, Carl -- Pandian, Richard -- Andrews, Robert -- Harrison, Elliot -- Kimberley, Andrew -- Garnett, Jane -- Fosker, Nigel -- Hall, Rebekah -- Garner, Patrick -- Kelly, Daniel -- Bird, Christine -- Palmer, Sophie -- Gehring, Ines -- Berger, Andrea -- Dooley, Christopher M -- Ersan-Urun, Zubeyde -- Eser, Cigdem -- Geiger, Horst -- Geisler, Maria -- Karotki, Lena -- Kirn, Anette -- Konantz, Judith -- Konantz, Martina -- Oberlander, Martina -- Rudolph-Geiger, Silke -- Teucke, Mathias -- Lanz, Christa -- Raddatz, Gunter -- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo -- Zhu, Baoli -- Rapp, Amanda -- Widaa, Sara -- Langford, Cordelia -- Yang, Fengtang -- Schuster, Stephan C -- Carter, Nigel P -- Harrow, Jennifer -- Ning, Zemin -- Herrero, Javier -- Searle, Steve M J -- Enright, Anton -- Geisler, Robert -- Plasterk, Ronald H A -- Lee, Charles -- Westerfield, Monte -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Zon, Leonard I -- Postlethwait, John H -- Nusslein-Volhard, Christiane -- Hubbard, Tim J P -- Roest Crollius, Hugues -- Rogers, Jane -- Stemple, Derek L -- 095908/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1 R01 DK55377-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD022486/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD22486/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085318/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 OD011116/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 RR010715/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 RR020833/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):498-503. doi: 10.1038/nature12111. Epub 2013 Apr 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: All cancers carry somatic mutations in their genomes. A subset, known as driver mutations, confer clonal selective advantage on cancer cells and are causally implicated in oncogenesis, and the remainder are passenger mutations. The driver mutations and mutational processes operative in breast cancer have not yet been comprehensively explored. Here we examine the genomes of 100 tumours for somatic copy number changes and mutations in the coding exons of protein-coding genes. The number of somatic mutations varied markedly between individual tumours. We found strong correlations between mutation number, age at which cancer was diagnosed and cancer histological grade, and observed multiple mutational signatures, including one present in about ten per cent of tumours characterized by numerous mutations of cytosine at TpC dinucleotides. Driver mutations were identified in several new cancer genes including AKT2, ARID1B, CASP8, CDKN1B, MAP3K1, MAP3K13, NCOR1, SMARCD1 and TBX3. Among the 100 tumours, we found driver mutations in at least 40 cancer genes and 73 different combinations of mutated cancer genes. The results highlight the substantial genetic diversity underlying this common disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428862/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428862/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, Philip J -- Tarpey, Patrick S -- Davies, Helen -- Van Loo, Peter -- Greenman, Chris -- Wedge, David C -- Nik-Zainal, Serena -- Martin, Sancha -- Varela, Ignacio -- Bignell, Graham R -- Yates, Lucy R -- Papaemmanuil, Elli -- Beare, David -- Butler, Adam -- Cheverton, Angela -- Gamble, John -- Hinton, Jonathan -- Jia, Mingming -- Jayakumar, Alagu -- Jones, David -- Latimer, Calli -- Lau, King Wai -- McLaren, Stuart -- McBride, David J -- Menzies, Andrew -- Mudie, Laura -- Raine, Keiran -- Rad, Roland -- Chapman, Michael Spencer -- Teague, Jon -- Easton, Douglas -- Langerod, Anita -- Oslo Breast Cancer Consortium (OSBREAC) -- Lee, Ming Ta Michael -- Shen, Chen-Yang -- Tee, Benita Tan Kiat -- Huimin, Bernice Wong -- Broeks, Annegien -- Vargas, Ana Cristina -- Turashvili, Gulisa -- Martens, John -- Fatima, Aquila -- Miron, Penelope -- Chin, Suet-Feung -- Thomas, Gilles -- Boyault, Sandrine -- Mariani, Odette -- Lakhani, Sunil R -- van de Vijver, Marc -- van 't Veer, Laura -- Foekens, John -- Desmedt, Christine -- Sotiriou, Christos -- Tutt, Andrew -- Caldas, Carlos -- Reis-Filho, Jorge S -- Aparicio, Samuel A J R -- Salomon, Anne Vincent -- Borresen-Dale, Anne-Lise -- Richardson, Andrea L -- Campbell, Peter J -- Futreal, P Andrew -- Stratton, Michael R -- 077012/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 093867/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 10118/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- CA089393/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- WT088340MA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- Department of Health/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 May 16;486(7403):400-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11017.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉