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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1991-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-3115
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-4820
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1974-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-3115
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-4820
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1987-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-3115
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-4820
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 32 (1989), S. 405-431 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: incoloy ; oxidation kinetics ; spalling ; cyclic oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Incoloy-825-sheet specimens were exposed to four different atmospheres; steam, synthetic air, CO2, and CO2 diluted with argon. The duration of exposure was varied from 2 min to 100 hr in the temperature range of 600–1300°C. A comparison of the results in these four atmospheres showed the maximum weight gain in specimens exposed under steam, while the minumum value was obtained in specimens subjected to diluted CO2. The alloy obeyed similar reaction kinetics while exposed to all the atmospheres under consideration. The overall domination of parabolic rates was observed at 800–1000°C. For still higher temperatures, a transition from the parabolic to the cubic rate law was observed. Thermal cycling did not show any appreciable effects on the reaction kinetics of the alloy when specimens were cycled between test temperatures and 500°C, and finally cooled to ambient temperature.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 24 (1973), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the hot steam corrosion of welded Incoloy 800 plateIn the weld seam of Incoloy the attack produced by hot steam (620 °C, 1000 h) is considerably increased. The reason thereof is the coarse grain structure formed during the solidification of the metal, because this transformation reduces the number of active lattice defects and thus inhibits the diffusion of the corrosion-preventing chromium. The favourable effect of cold working on corrosion resistance may, on the other hand, been explained in terms of an increased lattice defect density. The corrosion found during the hot steam experiments, however, need not be deemed dangerous because a strongly adherent scale layer is formed which does not give rise to selective penetration.
    Notes: In der Schweißnaht von Incoloy 800 ist der Angriff durch Heißdampf (620 °C, 1000 h) beträchtlich verstärkt. Ursache ist die Kornvergrößerung bei der Entrostung des Metalls, da hierbei die Zahl der aktiven Gitterdefekte abnimmt und die Diffusion des korrosionshemmenden Chroms behindert wird. Umgekehrt erklärt sich die günstige Wirkung einer Kaltverformung auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit durch eine Steigerung der Gitterfehldichte. Die beobachtete Korrosion in Heißdampf ist jedoch nicht gefährlich, da hierbei eine festhaftende Deckschicht entsteht, ohne daß es zu selektiver Durchdringung kommt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 12-25 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Improvement of the resistance to corrosion by superheated steam of Incoly Alloy 800 tube material by surface deformation treatmentSpecimens of Incoloy 800 (%, 45.8 Fe, 31.7 Ni + Co, 20 Cr, low additions of Cu, Mn, Al, Ti, Si), having undergone a surface deformation treatment (rolling, bending, sand blasting, needle peening, emery grinding) were exposed to superheated steam (500 and 1000 hrs, 600 and 620 °C, 1, 70 and 145 atm, 0.03 and 3.5 m/s). The weight loss measured has been evaluated as a function of the surface quality. It has been shown that the corrosion losses are inversely proportional to the degree of deformation, corrosion being reduced by 95-96% at 90% deformation. In this context the bending deformation, sand blasting and needle peening are most efficient, while rolling or emery grinding give rise but to deformations in a very thin surface layer which have no “selfhealing” properties. The composition of the corrosion products depends from the degree of deformation: increasing deformation gives rise to a decrease of the iron content, while the contents of nickel, chromium and manganese are increased; this phenomenon is responsible for the protective effect which is due to the formation of chromium oxide coatings.
    Notes: Proben aus Incoloy 800 (%, 45, 8 Fe, 31,7 Ni + Co, 20 Cr, geringe Zusätze von Cu, Mn, Al, Ti, Si) wurden nach einer Oberflächenverformung - Walzen, Biegen, Sandstrahlen, Nadelstrahlen, Schmirgeln - der Einwirkung von überhitztem Wasserdampf (500 und 1000 h, 600 und 620°C, 1, 70 und 145 atm, 0,03 und 3,5 m/s)ausgesetzt. Der gemessene Gewichtsverlust wurde in Beziehung zum Oberflächenzustand ausgewertet. Es zeigte sich, daß die Korrosionsionsverluste umgekehrt proportional dem Verformungsgrad sind: die Korrosion ist bei 90%iger Verformung der Probe um 95-96% verringert. In dieser Hinsicht sind die Biegeverformung, das Sandstrahlen und das Nadelstrahlen am wirksamsten, während beim Walzen oder Schmirgeln nur eine sehr dünne Oberflächenschicht verformt wird, die dann keine selbstheilenden Eigenschaften besitzt. Die Zusammensetzung der Korrosionsprodukte ist abhängig vom Verformungsgrad: zunehmende Verformung führt zu einer Verringerung des Eisengehalts, während die Gehalte an Nickel, Chrom und Mangan in den Korrosionsprodukten ansteigen. Diese Erscheinung ist ursächlich für den Schutzeffekt, der auf der Bildung von Chromoxidschichten beruht.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 21 (1970), S. 787-787 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Interactions between creep deformation and hot gas corrosionThe paper starts with a short explanation of the basic processes during the high temperature corrosion and of deformation under creep stress.Corrosion may give rise to an increase or a decrease of creep resistance, or it may result in an increase of the stress applied. The individual mechanisms are explained and, as far as possible, illustrated by examples. As a rule, however, several factors act simultaneously. The concerted actions is further complicated by back effects of a creep deformation on the corrosion processes. In the case of iron and nickel base alloys there exist obviously critical strain rates beyond which corrosion is enhanced and then proceeds more pronouncedly at the grain boundaries. It is also possible that then internal corrosion processes are triggered, in particular, in the grain boundary regions.While a qualitative assessment of the relationships between corrosion and creep deformation is possible, the feasibility of a quantitative description is still far away. As a rule, however, the aspect of a strength decrease will prevail although, in principle, corrosion may give rise to a strengthening, too.
    Notes: Einleitend werden kurz die Grundvorgänge der Heißgaskorrosion und der Verformung unter Zeitstandbeanspruchung erläutert.Die Korrosion kann den Kriechwiderstand erhöhen oder erniedrigen oder aber auch die anliegende Spannung vergrößern. Die einzelnen Mechanismen werden erläutert und - soweit möglich - durch Beispiele belegt. In der Regel wirken jedoch gleichzeitig mehrere Faktoren ein. Das Zusammenspiel wird durch Rückwirkungen der Kriechverformung auf die Korrosionsvorgänge weiter kompliziert. Für Eisen- und Nickelbasislegierungen gibt es offenbar kritische Dehngeschwindigkeiten, bei deren Überschreiten die Korrosion verstärkt und stärker korngrenzenorientiert abläuft. Auch innere Korrosionsvorgänge können dadurch besonders im Korngrenzenbereich ausgelöst werden.Während die Zusammenhänge zwischen Korrosion und Kriechverformung qualitativ überschaubar sind, liegt die Möglichkeit einer quantitativen Beschreibung noch in weiter Ferne. In der Regel werden die „Negativ-Punkte“ überwiegen, obgleich im Prinzip die Korrosion auch eine Verfestigung bewirken kann.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 36 (1985), S. 105-116 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Oxidationsverhalten von Zircaloy-4 in Dampf bei 600-1600°CIm Hinblick auf das Verhalten des Brennstab-Hüllmaterials von Druckwasserreaktoren während Unfällen wurden die Oxidationskinetik von Zircaloy-4 in Dampf und die damit verbundenen Änderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Kurze Rohrabschnitte wurden unter isothermen und temperatur-transienten Bedingungen zwischen 600 und 1600°C in Dampf oxidiert. Rohrkapseln wurden Bersttests in Dampf unter isotherm/isobaren (600-1300°C, 7-150 bar) und verschiedenen temperatur- und drucktransienten Bedingungen unterworfen.Die Oxidationskinetik von Zircaloy-4 wird im Fall kurzzeitiger Reaktion durch einfache Geschwindigkeitsgesetze beschrieben. Das Langzeitverhalten erwies sich als stark beeinflußt durch den Übergang zu Breakaway-Oxidation und schließlich durch den Totalkonsum der Rohrwandung. Auf der Grundlage des isothermen Verhaltens kann der kurzzeitige temperatur-transiente Fall verstanden und modellmäßig berechnet werden. Abweichungen vom erwarteten Verhalten sind die Folgen von Zr- und ZrO2-Phasenumwandlungen. Auch geht der schützende Charakter bereits vorhandener Oxidschichten über 1100°C aus dem gleichen Grund verloren.Die Auswirkungen der Oxidation auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften sind erhöhte Festigkeit und verminderte Duktilität, während als Folge der Kriechverformung und Anrißbildung im Oxid die Oxidation insgesamt verstärkt wird.
    Notes: With respect to the behavior of Nuclear Pressurized Water Reactor fuel cladding during accidents the oxidation kinetics of Zircaloy-4 tubing in steam and the related changes in the mechanical properties have been investigated. Short tube sections were exposed to steam between 600 and 1600°C under isothermal and temperature transient conditions. Tube capsules were creep-rupture tested in steam under isothermal/isobaric (600-1300°C, 7-150 bar) and various temperature/pressure transient conditions.The oxidation kinetics of Zircaloy-4 is described in case of shortterm reaction by simple rate laws. The long-term behavior is proved to be highly influenced by the breakaway transition and finally by total consumption of the tube wall. On the basis of the isothermal behavior the short-term temperature transient case can be understood and also modelled. Deviations from predictable behavior are the consequences of Zr- and ZrO2-phase transformations. The protective character of preexistent scales is lost above 1100°C for the same reason.The consequences of oxidation on the mechanical properties are increased strength and decreased ductility, whereas the response to creep deformation is an overall increase in oxidation due to oxide cracking.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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