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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The states of water in gel cellophane membranes (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The states of water in gel cellophane membranes were investigated by DSC measurements. An extra exothermic peak, which has not previously been reported, was observed at heating rates slower than 2.5K/min. The peak was ascribed to the crystallization of the liquid water in the heating process. The ratio of the nonfreezing water (often referred to as bound water) (g) to the dry membrane (g) was estimated to be 1.06. This value is far larger than the bound water contents reported for cellulose acetate membranes (Frommer et al. 1972, Taniguchi et al. 1975).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258031
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-modified polysulfone hollow fibers. IV. Chloromethylated fibers and their derivatives (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 449-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A chloromethylated reaction was performed on the surfaces of polysulfone ultrafiltration hollow fibers and their derivative membranes, i.e., triethylaminated, ethylenediaminated, and acethylated fibers, were prepared. The modified fibers have a 30-60% insoluble region in chloroform, whereas nonmodified fibers can be dissolved in the chloroform. It is suggested that the insoluble parts of the fibers are highly cross-linked due to the high degree of chloromethylation. The modified fibers showed a 50-98% rejection of polyethylene glycol 6000 at a feed concentration of 0.5 wt %, except for the triethylaminated fibers, which gave a negative rejection from -91 to -96%. It was found that the modified segments significantly influenced the rejection behavior of the solutes. Absorption of bovine serum albumin on the ethylenediaminated fibers at pH 7.1 was estimated from permeation measurements to be less than that of the other modified and nonmodified fibers. This effect is attributed to the hydrophilic surface of the ethylenediaminated fibers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460310
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recognition of substrates by membrane potential of immobilized glucose oxidase membranes (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 1735-1739 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The shifts in membrane potential, caused by the injection of glucose into a permeation cell, were measured using immobilized (entrapped) glucose oxidase membranes. No, pH change in the permeation cell was observed upon injection of glucose, but the shift in membrane potential was definitely detected. The shift in membrane potential was observed under nitrogen bubbling (in the absence of oxygen) using initially used enzyme membranes. It was, therefore, suggested that the shifts in membrane potential were not caused by an enzyme-substrate reaction, but by binding of the substrate to the enzyme, which indues a conformational change in the enzyme and leads to a change in charge density in the enzyme membrane. This mechanism is also supported by the fact that the shifts in membrane potential were observed upon injection of not only D-glucose but also L-glucose as reported in our previous study [J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 87, 695 (1991)]. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070511006
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas permeation and sorption in brominated poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) membrane (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54 (1994), S. 1353-1361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Brominated poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (Br-PMSP), which was prepared by immersing a poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) membrane in bromine water, had a new endothermic peak between 70°C and 80°C in its DSC curves. After storage in air at room temperature,the endothermic peak shifted to the low temperature side with time, and occurred between 30°C and 40°C. A distinct change in slopes near the endothermic temperature determined by the DSC analysis was observed in the Arrhenius plots of the permeability coefficients for various gases in all Br-PMSP membranes. However, the slope's change did not clearly appear with storage under the same conditions. The Br-PMSP membrane had a pressure-dependence of the permeability coefficients not only below the endothermic temperature, but also above one. The sorption behavior for propane in the Br-PMSP membrane was similar to that for other glassy polymers, and there was little change in the sorption behavior with time. In the case of carbon dioxide, a different behavior was observed at first; that is, the same isotherm shape in glassy polymers appeared below 20 atm, but it showed an upward curve above that. After storage in air, the upward behavior disappeared, and the isotherm showed the general shape in glassy polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070540917
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recognition of amino acids by membrane potential and circular dichroism of immobilized albumin membranes (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 2025-2032 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The shifts in membrane potential, caused by the injection of some amino acids into a permeation cell, were measured using immobilized serum albumin membranes at isoelectric points of the amino acids. The effective fixed charge density was estimated to decrease after the injection of alamine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan and to increase after the injection of serine. The change in the fixed charge density originated from the conformational change of the immobilized albumin membranes induced by the binding between the albumin and amino acids in the membranes, since the conformational change of the immobilized albumin membranes induced by the binding of the amino acids to the serum albumin was observed from circular dichroism measurements. There was found, however, some discrepancy between the conformational change of the serum albumin in the albumin membranes detected by the membrane potential measurements and the circular dichroism measurements. This is explained by the fact that the circular dichroism measurements detect the increase or decrease in the α-helix, β sheet, and random coil contents; however, they do not always contribute to the detection of the change in the charge density due to the presence of the amino acid in the albumin membranes. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070581113
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modified polysulfone hollow fibers. III. Fibers having a hydroxide group (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 1973-1979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polysulfone ultrafiltration hollow fibers were chemically modified on the surfaces with propylene oxide and Friedel-Crafts catalysts. A peak at 1.6 ppm was observed in H1-NMR spectrum of the modified fibers at 45°C, while the peak was not observed at 27°C measurements. The peak was attributed to a hydroxide group from the peak shift at high temperature. Micro ATR spectra of the modified fibers also suggested existence of CH(CH3)CH2OH segments on those surfaces. The modified fibers showed 10-80% rejection of polyethylene glycol 6000 at feed concentration of 0.5 wt %, depending on the conditions of surface reaction, and were found to have smaller molecular cut-off than nonmodified fibers. The fibers were also compared with modified fibers with propane sultone reported previously [A. Higuchi et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 36, 1753 (1988)], which had negatively charged segments of CH2CH2CH2SO3-. Absorption of bovine serum albumin on the modified fibers was estimated to be less than the nonmodified fibers from permeation measurements. It is suggested that fibers having hydrophilic surfaces show better results of anti-absorption of solutes than the nonmodified fibers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410904
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane potentials and permeation of NaCl in poly(vinyl alcohol-co-itaconic acid) membranes (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31 (1986), S. 419-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The membrane potential and permeability of NaCl were measured for six crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol-co-itaconic acid) membranes having various water contents [0.25≤H≤0.83 H2O (g)/swollen membrane (g)] and interpreted by means of an equation derived from Schlögl′s theory. Both results of the membrane potential and the permeability of the membranes having H≥0.34 could be satisfactorily interpreted by the theory. The permeability of NaCl in the membrane of H=0.25 gave, however, an increasing tendency with the decrease of the upstream concentration lower than 0.04 mol/L. It was considered that the concentration dependence reverse to what was caused by the Donnan exclusion might be due to the concentration dependence of the thermodynamic partition coefficient in nonfreezing water of the membrane. By the equation thus derived the membrane potential and the permeability of NaCl in the membrane of H=0.25 were expained qualitatively. The mobility ratios of Na+ and Cl- and the effective charge density in the membranes were discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070310210
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-modified polysulfone hollow fibers. II. Fibers having CH2CH2CH2SO3- segments and immersed in HCI solution (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40 (1990), S. 709-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polysulfone ultrafiltration hollow fibers were chemically modified on the surfaces with propane sultone and SnCI4, and immersed in HCI solution subsequently. The immersion of the fibers in HCI solution yielded lower molecular weight cutoff of the fibers than those without the immersion. The fiber, denoted as HP-SB-17H, rejected 5% of raffinose at feed concentration = 0.5 wt % and 14% of NaCI at the feed concentration = 0.0025 wt %. The rejection of NaCI for HP-SB-17H was found to increase with the decrease of the feed concentration, and showed the tendency of Donnan exclusion. The effective fixed charge density was estimated to be 7.74 × 10-4 eq/L for the fiber. Absorption of poly(ethylene glycol) and bovine serum albumin at pH 7.0 on nonmodified and modified fibers was estimated from the ratio of Jη/J0η0, where J is flux, η is viscosity, and the suffix zero shows the values of pure water. The modified fibers with the propane sultone showed better results of antiabsorption than the nonmodified and conventionally sulfonated fibers in this study. This was attributed to the high flexibility of a sulfonated group originating from the existence of a joint segment of (-CH2-)3 in the modified fibers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070400508
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of casting solution composition on performance of poly(ether sulfone) membrane (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 1343-1348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flat-type poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes for ultrafiltration were prepared by the traditional phase-inversion technique. The effects of the concentration of PES and the combination of two solvents, dichloromethane (DCM) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), with differences in volatility and solvating power on membrane performance were examined in terms of pure water flux (PWF) and solute rejection (SR) against poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, MW 20,000). Changing the thermodynamic quality of PES/NMP casting solution by combining DCM, a volatile and weak solvent, affected the PWF of the resulting membrane. The SR of PES/DCM-NMP membrane, however, was more likely dependent upon the effect of evaporating the volatile solvent from the casting solution/air interface rather than the effect of changing the thermodynamic quality of the casting solution. Combining DCM in PES/NMP casting solution transformed the fingerlike macrovoids of PES/NMP membrane prepared without DCM into the isolated macrovoids. PES/DCM-NMP membrane prepared with PVP, a water soluble poreforming agent, showed an increased PWF while maintaining SR of over 90%, even under the reduced feeding pressure of 1 kg/cm2. It is necessary to measure molecular weight cutoff of membrane for demonstrating the potential of PVP for improving the membrane permeability without losing the selectivity.© 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-modified polysulfone hollow fibers (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 36 (1988), S. 1753-1767 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Controlled reactions on the inner side, outer side, and both sides of the surfaces of polysulfone ultrafiltration hollow fibers with propane sultone and Friedel-Crafts catalysts were developed. EPMA measurements and MTR spectra for the chemically modified fibers suggested existence of —CH2CH2CH2SO3- segments on the modified surfaces. The modified fibers were found to have smaller molecular weight cut-off than nonmodified fibers, and the fibers modified on the internal surfaces gave better rejection of polyethylene glycol 6000 than those modified on the external surfaces, although the fibers that reacted with solution of the propane sultone and SnCl4 at 70°C and 80°C showed negative rejection of the polyethylene gylcol. Absorption of polyethylene glycol on the modified fibers is estimated to be less than the nonmodified fibers from the flux ratios of aqueous polyethylene glycol solution to pure water. This effect is attributed to the heparinlike active group of modified segments.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070360804
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