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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Fundamentals of atmospheric energetics (1993)
    New York [u. a.] : Oxford Univ. Pr.
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI A5-94-0198
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: 1. Introduction. - 2. Some Elementary Considerations. - 3. Basic Aspects of Atmospheric Energy. - 4. Available Potential Energy. - 4.1 The Quasi-Geostrophic Case. - 4.2 An Elementary Derivation. - 5. Baroclinic and Barotropic Flow. - 6. Transports of Sensible Heat and Momentum. - 7. Zonal and Eddy Energies. - 8. Divergent and Nondivergent Flow. - 9. Wavenumber representations. - 10. Interaction Among Waves. - 11. Energetics and Predictability. - 11.1 Nondivergent, Horizontal Flow. - 11.2 The Quasi-geostrophic Case. - 12. Energetics of An Open Domain. - 12.1 Eulerian Energy Budget Analysis. - 12.2 Quasi-Lagrangian Energy Budget Analysis. - 12.3 The Kinetic Energy Budget of Baroclinic and Barotropic Flow in an Open Domain. - 12.4 The Kinetic Energy Budget Of Rotational and Divergent Flow in an Open Domain. - 13. Energetics of Some Special Phenomena. - 13.1 Subtropical Jet Streams. - 13.1.1 Regional Ageostrophic Circulation Mechanism. - 13 .1.2 Hemispheric Interaction Mechanism. - 13 .1.3 Relation Between the Two Mechanisms. - 13.2 Spectral Energetics of Blocking. - 13.2.1 Spectral Energetics Analyses of Some Blocking Events. - 13.3 Energetics of Stationary Eddies. - 13.3.1 Energetics Scheme. - 13.3 .2 The Three-Dimensional Structure of Stationary Eddies. - 13.3 .3 Energetics of Stationary Eddies. - 14. Quasi-Periodic Variation of Atmospheric Energetics. - 14.1 Annual Variation in the Northern Hemisphere. - 14.1.1 Annual Variation of the Lorenz Energy Cycle. - 14.1.2 Fourier Analysis of Energy Variables. - 14.2 Annual Variation of the Kinetic Energy Budget over North America. - 14.3 Vacillation of Atmospheric Energetics. - 14.3.1 Vacillation of Eddy Energy. - 14.3.2 Energy Vacillation of Long- and Short-Wave Regimes. - 15. Energetics of the Tropics: Planetary Scale. - 15.1 Overview of Tropical Planetary-scale Circulation. - 15.2 Conventional Spectral Energetics. - 15.3 Low-Frequency Variation of Tropical Energetics. - 15.4 Spectral Energetics of Baroclinic and Barotropic Flows. - 15.5 Spectral Energetics of Tropical Divergent and Rotational Flows. - 15.6 Spectral Analysis of the Tropical Enstrophy. - 15.7 Kinetic Energy Budget of the Tropical Easterly Jet. - 15.8 Exchange of Kinetic Energy between Low and Middle Latitudes. - 16. Energetics of the Tropics: Synoptic Scale. - 16.1 Equatorial Waves over the Western Pacific. - 16.2 African Waves. - 16.3 Monsoon Depression. - 17. Energetics of the Southem Hemisphere. - 17.1 Camparisan of the Annual Variations in the Atmospheric Energetics between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. - 17.1.1 Sensible Heat and Momentum Transport. - 17.1.2 Annual Variation of Energetics. - 17.2 Spectral Energetics. - 17.3 Vacillation of the Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Energetics. - 17.4 Jet Streams. - 17.4.1 Summer Australian Jet. - 17.4.2 Winter Jets. - Problems. - Exercises. - Answers. - Bibliography. - Author Index. - Subject Index.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VIII, 376 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 0195071271
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on the maintenance of the atmospheric kinetic energy (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 642-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric kinetic energy ; Climate models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The winter simulations of the GLAS climate model and the NCAR community climate model are used to examine the maintenance of the atmospheric kinetic energy. It is found that the kinetic energy is generated in the lower latitudes south of the maximum westerlies, transported northward and then, destroyed in the midlatitudes north of the maximum westerlies. Therefore, the atmospheric kinetic energy is maintained by the counterbalance between the divergence (convergence) of kinetic energy flux and generation (destruction) of kinetic energy in lower (middle) latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876649
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global-scale intraseasonal and annual variation of divergent water-vapor flux (1990)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 44 (1990), S. 133-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The global-scale intraseasonal and annual variations of divergent water-vapor transport and water vapor itself were examined by using outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and data for 1979–1986 produced by the Global Data Assimilation System of the National Meteorological Center. An effort was also made to contrast results of this study with previous analyses of OLR and upper-level divergent circulation. As for intraseasonal oscillation, positive (negative) precipitable-water (W) anomalies and negative (positive) OLR couple with the convergent (divergent) center of the potential function of water vapor transport (χℂ) anomalies and the divergent (convergent) center of upper-level divergent-circulation anomalies. It is inferred that the eastward-propagating divergent circulation of intraseasonal oscillation converges water vapor to maintain cumulus convection, which releases latent heat, possibly to support this low-frequency oscillation. Fluctuations of W and cumulus convection associated with this oscillation are large over the equatorial Indian Ocean and the equatorial western Pacific, but small over the tropical Americas and equatorial Africa. Moreover, during northern summer, W anomaly bands migrate regularly northward, following the low-level transient 30–50 day monsoon troughs and ridges over the northern Indian Ocean. To the south of the equator, a regular southward propagation of W anomaly bands is identified in both northern summer and winter. In contrast; over the northwestern Pacific, a signature depicting the north-south intraseasonal oscillation of the north Pacific Convergence Zone can be inferred by W anomalies. The annual cycle components of W and cumulus convection inferred from OLR anomalies exhibit three pairs of maximum-minimum centers over tropical continents. These centers correspond to those of χℚ and upper-level divergent circulation anomalies. It is shown that landmass cooling in the winter hemisphere and landmass warming in the summer hemisphere establish a pair of upper-level convergent-divergent centers over each tropical continent. Water vapor is converged (diverged) by divergent circulation, in order to maintain maximum (minimum) centers of W and cumulusconvection anomalies over each tropical continent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026815
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  • 4
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    Interannual Variation of the Cold-Season Rainfall Center in the South China Sea (2016)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-10
    Description: During 15 November–31 December, a cold-season rainfall center appears in the southern part of the South China Sea (SCS) north of northwestern Borneo, and juxtaposed along the southwest-northeast direction with rainfall centers for the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. This SCS rainfall center also coincides geographically with the SCS surface trough. An effort is made to explore the formation mechanism of this rainfall center. It is primarily formed by the second intensification of heavy rainfall/flood (HRF) cold surge vortex (CSV) through its interaction with a cold surge flow over the SCS trough. Both the SCS rainfall center and the SCS surface trough are located at the easterly flow north of the near-Equator trough. Modulated by the interannual variation of the cyclonic shear flow along the near-Equator trough in concert with the El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, the SCS rainfall center undergoes an interannual variation. The impact of this ENSO cycle is accomplished through the regulation of CSV(HRF) trajectories originating from the Philippines vicinity and Borneo, and propagating to different destinations. Rain-producing efficiency determined by the interannual variation of the divergent circulation accompanies the cyclonic shear flow around the near-Equator trough in response to this ENSO cycle.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 5
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    Interannual Variation of Summer Rainfall in the Taipei Basin (2016)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-01
    Description: The Taipei basin, located in northern Taiwan, is formed at the intersection of the Tanshui River valley (~30 km) and the Keelung River valley (~60 km). Summer is the dry season in northern Taiwan, but the maximum rainfall in the Taipei basin occurs during 15 June–31 August. The majority of summer rainfall in this basin is produced by afternoon thunderstorms. Thus, the water supply, air/land traffic, and pollution for this basin can be profoundly affected by interannual variations of thunderstorm days and rainfall. Because the mechanism for these interannual variations is still unknown, a systematic analysis is made of thunderstorm days and rainfall for the past two decades (1993–2013). These two variables are found to correlate opposite interannual variations of sea surface temperature anomalies over the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Niño-3.4 region. Occurrence days for afternoon thunderstorms and rainfall amounts in the Taipei basin double during the cold El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase relative to the warm phase. During the latter phase, a stronger cold/drier monsoon southwesterly flow caused by the Pacific–Japan Oscillation weakens the thunderstorm activity in the Taipei basin through the land–sea breeze. In contrast, the opposite condition occurs during the cold ENSO phase. The water vapor flux over the East/Southeast Asian monsoon region converges more toward Taiwan to maintain rainfall over the Taipei basin during the cold ENSO phase than during the warm ENSO phase.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 6
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    A Forecast Advisory for Afternoon Thunderstorm Occurrence in the Taipei Basin during Summer Developed from Diagnostic Analysis* (2016)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-15
    Description: Summer is a dry season in northern Taiwan. By contrast, the Taipei basin, located in this region, has its maximum rainfall during summer (15 June–31 August), when 78% of this rainfall is contributed by afternoon thunderstorms. This thunderstorm activity occurs during only 20 days in summer. Because of the pronounced impacts on the well-being of three million people in the basin and the relative infrequency of occurrence, forecasting thunderstorm events is an important operational issue in the Taipei basin. The basin’s small size (30 km × 60 km), with two river exits and limited thunderstorm occurrence days, makes the development of a thunderstorm activity forecast model for this basin a great challenge. Synoptic analysis reveals a thunderstorm day may develop from morning synoptic conditions free of clouds/rain, with a NW–SE-oriented dipole located south of Taiwan and southwesterlies straddling the low and high of this dipole. The surface meteorological conditions along the two river valleys exhibit distinct diurnal variations of pressure, temperature, dewpoint depression, relative humidity, and land–sea breezes. The primary features of the synoptic conditions and timings of the diurnal cycles for the four surface variables are utilized to develop a two-step hybrid forecast advisory for thunderstorm occurrence. Step 1 validates the 24-h forecasts for the 0000 UTC (0800 LST) synoptic conditions and timings for diurnal variations for the first five surface variables on thunderstorm days. Step 2 validates the same synoptic and surface meteorological conditions (including sea-breeze onset time) observed on the thunderstorm day. The feasibility of the proposed forecast advisory is successfully demonstrated by these validations.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 7
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    Genesis and Development of Spring Rainstorms in Northern Southeast Asia: Southwest China–Northern Indochina and the Northern South China Sea (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-01
    Description: During May and June, the monsoon rainfall in northern Southeast Asia is primarily produced by rainstorms. At the mature stage, these storms, coupled with a midtropospheric subsynoptic-scale trough, produce rainfall ≥50 mm (6 h)−1and exhibit a cyclonic surface vortex. With a scale ~ O(102) km, rainstorms during the period of 1979–2016 are identified with station and satellite observations, along with assimilation data. Several dynamic processes of rainstorm geneses are disclosed by an extensive analysis. 1) Maximum occurrence of rainstorm geneses is located in the midtroposphere of two regions (northern Vietnam–southwestern China and the northern South China Sea), but eventually penetrates downward to the surface. 2) The environment favorable for rainstorm genesis is a southwest–northeast-oriented narrow trough formed by the confluence of the midtropospheric northeasterly around the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the lower-tropospheric monsoon southwesterlies. Because the criterion for Charney–Stern instability is met by the shear flow of this narrow trough, rainstorms are likely initiated by this instability. 3) The majority of rainstorm geneses occurs during the evening over the land and the morning at sea. This timing preference is caused by the modulation of the clockwise rotation of the East Asia continent circulation in response to the diurnal variation of the land–sea thermal contrast. These new findings from this study offer not only a new perspective for the genesis mechanism of the late spring–early summer rainstorms in northern Southeast Asia, but also a new initiative to develop medium-range forecasts for these rainstorms.
    Print ISSN: 0027-0644
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0493
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 8
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    Interannual Variation of the Summer Rainfall Center in the South China Sea (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-01
    Description: A northwest–southeast-oriented summer monsoon trough exists between northern Indochina and northwestern Borneo. Ahead of this the South China Sea (SCS) trough is located at a convergent center west of the Philippines, which provides an environment favorable for rain-producing synoptic systems to produce rainfall over this center and form the SCS summer rainfall center. Revealed from the x–t diagram for rainfall, this rainfall center is developed by multiple-scale processes involved with the SCS trough (TR), tropical depression (TY), interaction of the SCS trough with the easterly wave/tropical depression (EI), and easterly wave (EW). It is found that 56% of this rainfall center is produced by the SCS trough, while 41% is generated by the other three synoptic systems combined. Apparently, the formation of the SCS summer monsoon rainfall center is contributed to by these four rain-producing synoptic systems from the SCS and the Philippines Sea. The Southeast Asian summer monsoon undergoes an interannual variation and exhibits an east–west-oriented cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomalous circulation centered at the western tropical Pacific east of the Luzon Strait. This circulation change is reflected by the deepening (filling) of the SCS summer monsoon trough, when the monsoon westerlies south of 15°N intensify (weaken). This interannual variation of the monsoon westerlies leads to the interannual variation of the SCS summer monsoon rainfall center to follow the Pacific–Japan oscillation of rainfall. The rainfall amount produced over this rainfall center during the weak monsoon season is about two-thirds of that produced during the strong monsoon season. The rain-production ratio between TR and TY + EI + EW is 60:38 during the strong monsoon season and 47:49 during the weak monsoon season.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 9
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    Impact of the Summer Monsoon Westerlies on the South China Sea Tropical Cyclone Genesis in May (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-17
    Description: After the onset of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon in mid-May, the South China Sea (SCS) trough is deepened by the intensified monsoon westerlies to facilitate the development of a synoptic cyclonic shear flow. This shear flow forms an environment favorable for the SCS tropical storm (TS)/typhoon (TY) genesis triggered by the surge of this monsoon circulation. This genesis mechanism has not been well documented. Seventeen named SCS TS/TY geneses in May over 1979–2016 occurred under the following environmental conditions/processes: 1) with its maximum located south of 15°N, the intensified monsoon westerlies are extended eastward beyond 120°E, 2) the synoptic SCS cyclonic shear flow is developed by the tropical easterlies fed by a northeast Asian cold surge (or a North Pacific cold-air outbreak) and the intensified monsoon westerlies, and 3) SCS TS/TY genesis is triggered by the surge of monsoon flow. The accuracy of the monthly mean forecasts is limited. However, it is found that SCS TS/TY genesis only occurs after the existence of persistent, strong, monsoon westerlies lasting for at least 5 days. Forecasts from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (2004–16) and the Global Ensemble Forecast System (1985–2003) cover these 15 SCS TS/TY geneses. The requirements for SCS TS/TY genesis in May described above are met by the 5-day-mean Southeast Asian summer monsoon circulation. Based on a statistical analysis of 5-day forecasts for these TS/TY geneses, a four-step forecast advisory is introduced. The forecasts for SCS TS/TY genesis can be made 3 days prior to occurrence.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 10
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    Forecast Advisory for a Cold-Season Heavy Rainfall/Flood Event That Developed from Multiple Interactions of the Cold-Surge Vortex with Cold-Surge Flows in the South China Sea (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-05
    Description: The peak intensity occurrence frequency over the life cycles of parent cold-surge vortices (CSVs) for heavy rainfall/flood (HRF) events is classified into two types depending on their life cycles having two or three peak intensities, denoted as HRF2 or HRF3, respectively. The formation of an HRF2 event from its parent CSV(HRF2) formation is ≤5 days, while the formation of an HRF3 event is ≥6 days. The latter group contributes ~57% of the total number of HRF events. As a result of some model constraints, the formation and development of HRF3 events are not well forecasted by the Global Forecast System (GFS) and regional forecast models. The life cycle and second peak intensity for CSV(HRF3) allow for the introduction of a forecast advisory for HRF3 events. Identification of CSVs and two sufficient requirements for the formation and occurrence of HRF events were developed by previous studies. Nevertheless, two new necessary steps are now included in the proposed forecast advisory. The population ratio for CSV(HRF3) and the regular CSV is only about 15%. The occurrence optimum time to for the CSV(HRF3) second peak intensity from this vortex formation is about 3 days 6 h. The GFS forecast over to is utilized to identify CSV(HRF3). Then, the relay of the GFS forecast from the occurrence time of the CSV(HRF3) second peak is used to predict the formation/occurrence of HRF3 events. Six HRF3 events during cold seasons for 2013–16 are used to test the feasibility of this forecast advisory. Results clearly demonstrate this advisory is a success for the forecast of HRF3 events over the entire life cycles of their parent CSV(HRF3)s.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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