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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Geochemistry of Chromium in the Earth’s Mantle (2020)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Geochemistry. ; Mineralogy. ; Geophysics. ; Geochemistry. ; Mineralogy. ; Geophysics.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Chromium and chromium-bearing phases in the Earth -- Experimental study of Cr-bearing phases at high pressures -- Implication of experimental results to geochemistry of Cr in the Earth’s mantle.
    Abstract: This book provides an analysis of an actual problem of the evolution of deep matter under the conditions of the upper mantle, transition zone, and uppermost lower mantle. This issue has a fundamental importance in geochemistry, petrology, mineralogy, and crystalochemistry of the mantle, at different depths. The authors discuss new experimental research on the composition and conditions of the chromium-bearing minerals genesis and their associations in the Earth’s mantle. The experimental data are compared with the natural mineral assemblages, allowing a refinement of the structure and composition of the deep Geospheres of the Earth. The results of the physicochemical experiments in the "MgO–SiO2–Cr2O3" model and the multicomponent systems play a major role in understanding the phase diagrams of these systems, the structural patterns of chromium-bearing phases and the influence of Cr on P-T parameters in the Earth’s mantle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: VIII, 128 p. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030270186
    Series Statement: Springer Geology,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27018-6
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27018-6
    DDC: 551.9
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Celebrating the International Year of Mineralogy : Progress and Landmark Discoveries of the Last Decades (2023)
    Cham :Springer Nature Switzerland :
    Details
    Keywords: Mineralogy. ; Petrology. ; Materials science. ; Mineralogy. ; Petrology. ; Materials Science.
    Description / Table of Contents: Editorial -- Discovery of fullerenes and quasicrystals in nature -- The Evolution of Mineral Evolution -- Mineral Informatics: Origins -- The Discovery of New Minerals in Modern Mineralogy: Experience, Implications and Perspectives -- Structural and chemical complexity of minerals: the information-based approach -- Predicting HP-HT Earth and planetary materials -- Structural mechanisms stabilizing hydrous silicates at deep-Earth conditions -- Discovering High-pressure and High-temperature Minerals -- Mineralogy of Planetary Cores -- Going inside a diamond -- Mineralogy of returned sample from C-type near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu -- Mineral discoveries that changed everyday life -- Hydrogen, the principal agent of structural and chemical diversity in minerals.
    Abstract: This volume celebrates mineral sciences and what are considered the most important progresses and breakthroughs in this discipline. Authoritative authors, who, in most cases, are the direct discoverers recount the steps of their research, which represent landmark developments of mineralogy and mineralogical crystallography.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: X, 359 p. 126 illus., 98 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023.
    ISBN: 9783031288050
    Series Statement: Springer Mineralogy,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28805-0
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28805-0
    DDC: 549
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Natural Quasicrystals : The Solar System’s Hidden Secrets (2020)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Mineralogy. ; Crystallography. ; Planetary science. ; Geology. ; Materials science. ; Mineralogy. ; Crystallography and Scattering Methods. ; Planetary Science. ; Geology. ; Materials Science.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. What are quasicrystals and why are so important? -- Chapter 3. Can Nature have beaten us to the punch? -- Chapter 4. From crystalsto quasicrystals: There 's plenty of room between them -- Chapter 5. High pressure needed! The crystallagraphy of quasicrystals at extreme conditions -- Chapter 6. Dynamic versus static pressure: quasicrystals and shock experiments -- Chapter 7. Why quasicrystals grow in asteroidal collisions? -- Chapter 8. On the stability of quinary quasicrystals -- Chapter 9. Are quasicrystals really so rare in the Universe?.
    Abstract: This book describes the discovery of quasicrystals (icosahedral and decagonal) in an extraterrestrial rock from the Koryak Mountains of Far Eastern Russia. After a decade-long search for a natural quasicrystal, this discovery opened a new avenue in mineralogy and crystallography that could lead to further discoveries in geoscience, astronomy, condensed matter physics, and materials engineering. For the first time, minerals have been discovered that violate the symmetry restrictions of conventional crystallography. The natural occurrence of such crystals was unexpected, involving previously unknown processes. The fact that the quasicrystals were found in a meteorite formed in the earliest moments of the solar system means these processes have been active for over 4.5 billion years and have influenced the composition of the first objects to condense around the Sun. Finding quasicrystals formed in these extreme environments also informed the longstanding debate concerning the stability and robustness of quasicrystals. Recent shock experiments lend support to the hypothesis that the extraterrestrial quasicrystals formed as a result of hypervelocity impacts between objects in the early Solar system, and that they are probably less rare in the Milky Way. .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: X, 89 p. 61 illus., 21 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030456771
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Crystallography,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45677-1
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45677-1
    DDC: 549
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Five-dimensional structure refinement of natural melilite, (Ca1.89Sr0.01Na0.08K0.02)(Mg0.92Al0.08)(Si1.98Al0.02)O7 (2001)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 57 (2001), S. 739-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structure of a crystal of natural melilite from San Venanzo, Umbria (Italy) of the general formula X2T1(T2)2O7, where X = Ca0.945Sr0.005Na0.04K0.01, T1 = Mg0.92Al0.08 and T2 = Si0.99Al0.01, has been solved and refined as an incommensurate structure in five-dimensional superspace. The structure is tetragonal, superspace group P\bar 421m:p4mg, cell parameters a = 7.860 (1), c = 5.024 (1) Å, modulation vectors q1 = 0.2815 (3)(a* + b*), q2 = 0.2815 (3)(−a* + b*). The data collection was performed on a KumaCCD diffractometer. The structure was refined from 7606 reflections to final R = 0.0481. A special modification of the refinement program Jana2000 was necessary to take into account overlapping of satellite reflections m × n = ±1, which could not be properly separated in the integration procedure. The final model includes modulations of the atomic positions as well as modulations of the thermal parameters. The latter are induced by strong differences in the neighbourhood of the actual modulated positions. The occupational modulation was neither significant for X nor for T1 sites and the sites were supposed to be occupied only by Ca and Mg, respectively. As a consequence of the Ca and O positional modulations six-, seven- and eightfold Ca coordination occur throughout the structure and the thermal ellipsoid changes its shape correspondingly. The positional modulation of the atoms causes variations in the interatomic distances which, however, do not affect bond-valence sums considerably, but induce flattening and rotation in T1 and T2 tetrahedra, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108768101014495
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    Fulltext
  • 5
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    Oro (2022)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The word "gold" has influenced the imaginations of various populations over the centuries and the search for gold has been an extremely fascinating event to a multitude of societies in the past. In this publication, which is part of the "Le Perline del Museo" series of the Natural History Museum of the University of Florence, the concept of "gold" is explored from several points of view. The book is divided into 11 chapters dealing with gold from various points of view: its chemical-physical properties, how and where it can be found in nature, the mineralogy of gold, the processes to extract it, what can be done with gold and gold over the centuries, up to a brief description of the California "gold rush" of the late nineteenth century. The publication is enriched with beautiful images of gold in all its forms. For the realisation of the publication, the author collaborated with the American Museum of Natural History (New York, USA), the Museum of the City of San Francisco (San Francisco, USA) and the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, USA).
    Keywords: Chimica ; Storia ; Scienze naturali ; Museo di storia naturale ; Firenze ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNV Chemistry of minerals, crystals and gems ; thema EDItEUR::W Lifestyle, Hobbies and Leisure::WN Nature and the natural world: general interest::WNR Rocks, minerals and fossils: general interest
    Language: Italian
    Format: image/jpeg
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    E-BOOK
  • 6
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    Shock synthesis of quasicrystals with implications for their origin in asteroid collisions (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-13
    Description: We designed a plate impact shock recovery experiment to simulate the starting materials and shock conditions associated with the only known natural quasicrystals, in the Khatyrka meteorite. At the boundaries among CuAl5, (Mg0.75Fe2+0.25)2SiO4 olivine, and the stainless steel chamber walls, the recovered specimen contains numerous micron-scale grains of a quasicrystalline phase displaying face-centered icosahedral symmetry and low phason strain. The compositional range of the icosahedral phase is Al68–73Fe11–16Cu10–12Cr1–4Ni1–2 and extends toward higher Al/(Cu+Fe) and Fe/Cu ratios than those reported for natural icosahedrite or for any previously known synthetic quasicrystal in the Al-Cu-Fe system. The shock-induced synthesis demonstrated in this experiment reinforces the evidence that natural quasicrystals formed during a shock event but leaves open the question of whether this synthesis pathway is attributable to the expanded thermodynamic stability range of the quasicrystalline phase at high pressure, to a favorable kinetic pathway that exists under shock conditions, or to both thermodynamic and kinetic factors.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    Evidence for complex iron oxides in the deep mantle from FeNi(Cu) inclusions in superdeep diamond (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-12
    Description: The recent discovery in high-pressure experiments of compounds stable to 24–26 GPa with Fe4O5, Fe5O6, Fe7O9, and Fe9O11stoichiometry has raised questions about their existence within the Earth’s mantle. Incorporating both ferric and ferrous iron in their structures, these oxides if present within the Earth could also provide insight into diamond-forming processes at depth in the planet. Here we report the discovery of metallic particles, dominantly of FeNi (Fe0.71Ni0.24Cu0.05), in close spatial relation with nearly pure magnetite grains from a so-called superdeep diamond from the Earth’s mantle. The microstructural relation of magnetite within a ferropericlase (Mg0.60Fe0.40)O matrix suggests exsolution of the former. Taking into account the bulk chemistry reconstructed from the FeNi(Cu) alloy, we propose that it formed by decomposition of a complex metalMoxide (M4O5) with a stoichiometry of (Fe3+2.15Fe2+1.59Ni2+0.17Cu+0.04)Σ=3.95O5. We further suggest a possible link between this phase and variably oxidized ferropericlase that is commonly trapped in superdeep diamond. The observation of FeNi(Cu) metal in relation to magnetite exsolved from ferropericlase is interpreted as arising from a multistage process that starts from diamond encapsulation of ferropericlase followed by decompression and cooling under oxidized conditions, leading to the formation of complex oxides such as Fe4O5that subsequently decompose at shallowerP-Tconditions.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Solar system secrets hidden in quasicrystals (2019)
    International Union of Crystallography
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-18
    Electronic ISSN: 2053-2733
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by International Union of Crystallography
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  • 9
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    Discovery of Se-rich canfieldite, Ag8Sn(S,Se)6, from the Shuangjianzishan Ag–Pb–Zn deposit, NE China: A multimethodic chemical and structural study (2018)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈div data-abstract-type="normal"〉〈p〉During a study of the ore minerals belonging to the recently discovered Shuangjianzishan Ag–Pb–Zn deposit in NE China, we have discovered exceptional selenium enrichment in canfieldite (up to 11.6 wt.% of Se). Incorporation of Se into canfieldite has been investigated by an integrated approach using field emission scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Canfieldite has been identified as one of the dominant Ag-bearing ore minerals in the studied deposit, which occurs mostly in slate-hosted vein type Ag–Pb–Zn ore bodies. Selenium is either homogeneously or, remarkably, heterogeneously distributed in the different canfieldite fragments studied. Chemical variations of Se are mostly attributable to a series of retrograde reactions resulting in diverse decomposition and exsolution of primary phases during cooling, or alternatively, related to influxes of Se-rich fluids during the formation of canfieldite. To evaluate the effects of the Se-for-S substitution in the structure, a crystal of Se-rich canfieldite [Ag〈span〉7.98〈/span〉Sn〈span〉1.02〈/span〉(S〈span〉4.19〈/span〉Se〈span〉1.81〈/span〉)〈span〉Σ6.00〈/span〉] was investigated. The unit-cell parameters are: 〈span〉a〈/span〉 = 10.8145(8) Å and 〈span〉V〈/span〉 = 1264.8(3) Å〈span〉3〈/span〉. The structure was refined in the space group 〈span〉F〈/span〉〈span〉〈span〉〈img data-mimesubtype="gif" data-type="simple" src="http://static.cambridge.org/resource/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20190709073523038-0660:S0026461X18001585:S0026461X18001585_inline1.gif"〉 〈span data-mathjax-type="texmath"〉 〈/span〉 〈/span〉〈/span〉3〈span〉m〈/span〉 to 〈span〉R〈/span〉〈span〉1〈/span〉 = 0.0315 for 194 independent reflections, with 20 parameters. The crystal structure of Se-rich canfieldite was found to be topologically identical to that of pure canfieldite. If the short Ag–Ag contacts are ignored (due to the disorder), the two Ag atoms in the structure can be considered as three-fold (Ag1) and four-fold (Ag2) coordinated. Tin adopts a regular tetrahedral coordination. As in the case of Te-rich canfieldite, the refinement of the site-occupancy factor indicates that Se is disordered over the three anion positions.〈/p〉〈/div〉
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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  • 10
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    Te-RICH CANFIELDITE, Ag8Sn(S,Te)6, FROM THE LENGENBACH QUARRY, BINNTAL, CANTON VALAIS, SWITZERLAND: OCCURRENCE, DESCRIPTION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE (2012)
    Mineralogical Association of Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: In order to evaluate the effects of Te-for-S substitution in the minerals of the argyrodite group, the crystal structure and chemical composition of a crystal of Te-rich canfieldite from the Lengenbach quarry, Binntal, Switzerland, was investigated. The unit-cell parameters are a 11.0003(6) Å and V 1331.1(1) Å3. The structure was solved and refined in the space group F4̅3m to R1 = 0.0308 for 194 independent reflections and 21 parameters. Quantitative analysis led to the chemical formula Ag8.05(Sn1.03Ge0.01)∑1.04(S3.95Te1.95Se0.01)∑5.91, ideally Ag8Sn(S,Te)6. The crystal structure of Te-rich canfieldite was found to be topologically identical to that of putzite, (Cu4.7Ag3.3)GeS6. Neglecting the short Ag-Ag contacts (due to disorder), the two Ag atoms in the structure can be considered as three-fold (Ag1) and four-fold (Ag2) coordinated. Tin adopts a regular tetrahedral coordination. The refinement of the site-occupancy factor indicates Te to be disordered over the three anion positions (i.e., X1, X2, and X3), with a preference for the X1 site.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Association of Canada
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