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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparatus for thin-film stress measurement with integrated four-point bending equipment: Performance and results on Cu films (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 4479-4482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: New insight into the mechanical behavior of thin metallic films on substrates can be obtained by a novel experimental technique. It comprises stress measurements by the wafer curvature technique in combination with a four-point bending of beam-shaped samples. A dedicated apparatus was constructed which allows such experiments in high vacuum between room temperature and 500 °C to be carried out. It has a stress measurement sensitivity better than 0.1 MPa and a long-term stability better than ±0.2 MPa over 24 h in the case of a 1 μm thick film. Strains up to 0.8% could be imposed by a four-point bending on films grown on 380 μm thick Si substrates before cracking of the substrates. Both the thermal cycling and the four-point bending technique were used to investigate the plastic behavior of 1 μm thick Cu films on oxidized Si substrates. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1326925
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetism and structure of ultrathin fcc FexCo1−x films on Cu(001) (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5618-5618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultrathin films of 3d-transition metal alloys, and in particular FeCo alloys, currently receive considerable interest because of their potential technological application and the possibility to adjust magnetic properties via the variation of composition and structure. To study magnetic and structural properties of the otherwise unstable fcc phase of FeCo, this structural phase was stabilized by epitaxial growth on Cu(001). Ultrathin FexCo1−x films were deposited at room temperature by coevaporation from two separate Knudsen cells, operated under stabilized conditions. The film thickness was varied between 2 and 9 monolayers (ML) and the Fe concentration between x=0.2 and x=0.95. The growth process was monitored by medium energy electron diffraction (MEED). Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) were employed to analyze the composition and structure of the films. A nearly perfect layer-by-layer growth up to at least 9 ML, as seen by MEED, is encountered for x≤0.7. For higher Fe concentrations and thicknesses greater than 4 ML, deviations from the layer-by-layer growth are observed, indicating a structural rearrangement. LEED-I(V) curves reveal the coexistence of two structural phases with different interlayer spacings, the relative amount of which depends on the composition. Magnetic properties were characterized by the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). The remanent magnetization was found to lie within the film plane over the whole range of thicknesses and concentrations investigated.A linear increase of the Kerr signal at saturation magnetization with increasing thickness indicates that practically the whole film is magnetic. As a function of composition, the saturation Kerr signal develops continuously with increasing Fe content. This suggests that in fcc FeCo alloys the contribution of Fe and Co to the total magnetic moment is nearly constant over the whole compositional range. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362260
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic dichroism study of the relativistic electronic structure of perpendicularly magnetized Ni/Cu(001) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6426-6428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experimental and theoretical study of magnetic circular dichroism in valence band photoemission from 15 monolayer thick fcc Ni films on Cu(001) is presented. A highly symmetric configuration (light incidence, electron emission, magnetization direction, photon helicity, and surface normal all parallel) allows the illustrative interpretation of the dichroism in terms of the relativistic band structure. Photoemission experiments in the photon energy range of 11–27 eV are compared to fully relativistic one-step photoemission calculations. From this comparison, the dichroic features can be directly related to the double group symmetry of the initial states, which is demonstrated by two examples. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361959
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic anisotropy in epitaxial fcc Co/Cu (1 1 13) : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 6186-6188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetization behavior of ultrathin (3 ML) epitaxial Co(001) films on Cu(1 1 13) terraced surfaces was studied in situ using magneto-optic Kerr effect. The films show easy magnetization along the steps. Unusual hard axis Kerr loops (H perpendicular to the steps and in the surface plane) are observed near room temperature and evolve at higher temperature (127 °C) toward the soft magnetic behavior more typical of the easy axis loops observed on the same films. A model is postulated for the behavior that includes a fourfold in-plane anisotropy and a uniaxial in-plane anisotropy of possibly magnetoelastic (ME) or magnetostatic (MS) origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352692
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic spectromicroscopy and microspectroscopy with submicrometer resolution (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5020-5020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Conventional techniques of magnetic domain imaging are usually not selective with respect to the chemical species in a system under investigation. This limitation can be overcome by employing soft x-ray magnetic dichroism which combines both magnetic sensitivity and chemical selectivity. We present first results on magnetic domain imaging at surfaces obtained with a newly developed photoelectron emission microscope using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD). Topographic studies on a silicon surface showed the instrument to be capable of a lateral resolution of better than 50 nm. Two approaches of separating chemical and magnetic information are demonstrated for Permalloy micropatterns on silicon. First, the lateral distribution of the different chemical species or the magnetic domains is obtained by subtracting images taken at different photon energies (spectromicroscopy). Second, a "small spot" mode permits the acquisition of x-ray absorption spectra from surface areas of less than 2 μm diameter. The latter technique is called microspectroscopy. On a Fe(100) whisker surface we observed magnetic domains with domain boundaries ∼300 nm wide. This value corresponds to the intrinsic width of a 180° domain wall at the surface, as determined by scanning electron microscopy with spin polarization analysis.1 The studies in Ref. 1 have also shown that this kind of domain wall behaves Neél-like at the surface, i.e., the magnetization vector M rotates within the film plane over the domain boundary. Exploiting the directional characteristics of MCD we can map the component of M normal to the domain boundary and thus selectively image the wall itself. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364495
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic dichroism in angle-resolved UV photoemission from valence bands, using linearly polarized light : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6504-6506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic dichroism measurements of the valence bands of films of fcc Co/Cu (001) have been performed using angle-resolved UV photoemission in low-symmetry, off-normal emission geometries, and linearly polarized light. Asymmetries of magnitude 4% are observed upon magnetization reversal. Evidence of both spin-dependent surface transmission and magnetic dichroism in the angular distribution of photoelectrons is seen. The asymmetry spectra indicate sensitivity to both magnetic exchange splitting and to spin–orbit splitting. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361984
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spin-resolved electronic band structure of fct-cobalt (100) (abstract) : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 5003-5003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The spin-polarized electronic structure of the fcc high-temperature modification of cobalt has not been investigated yet, because of the experimental difficulties of photoemission at high temperature. We stabilized fcc Co by molecular-beam epitaxy on a Cu(100) substrate with large, atomically flat terasses (0.5–1 μm wide) as revealed by STM. The structure of the layers was studied by LEED and MEED, showing a tetragonal distortion of the fcc lattice perpendicular to the (100) surface plane. The dispersion of the exchange split bands perpendicular to the surface was determined for a 5-monolayer-thick sample (tetragonal distortion on average 4%–5%) by spin- and momentum-resolved photoemission. The results are compared to two relativistic spin-polarized band-structure calculations for fcc cobalt. Somewhat surprisingly, even a 5-ML-thick sample shows three-dimensional dispersion in good agreement with the calculations, as far as the average exchange splitting (1.2±0.2 eV), and the symmetry character of the bands is concerned. There are, however, some systematic deviations of minority bands near the Fermi energy which are attributed to the tetragonal compression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348153
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic x-ray dichroism in core level photoemission from ferromagnets (abstract) : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 6152-6152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the novel effect of magnetic dichroism in core level photoemission from ferromagnets with circularly polarized synchrotron radiation in the soft x-ray range. Depending on the relative orientation of photon spin and sample magnetization (parallel or antiparallel), a single core level emission line may be resolved into two lines of different intensities. The mechanism is shown to be due to spin-selective dipole transitions from exchange-split core levels in the presence of spin-orbit interaction. Experiments on the 2p1/2 and 2p3/2levels of Fe are compared to fully relativistic photoemission calculations. Rather good qualitative and quantitative agreement is found. The effect does not rely on the spin-split empty density of states near the Fermi energy, but probes the exchange splitting of core levels directly. Because of its surface sensitivity, x-ray dichroism in photoemission may serve as a new powerful tool in surface and interface magnetism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348789
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally activated deterioration processes in Co/Cu GMR multilayers (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 7113-7115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnitude of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) observed in multilayers is known to change irreversibly at elevated temperatures. To improve the thermal stability of devices, a fundamental understanding of the GMR and its correlation to the temperature-induced structural and morphological changes in a given system is mandatory. We therefore investigated the structural and magnetic properties of sputtered Co/Cu multilayers in the pre- and postannealed states (temperature regime for annealing up to 750 °C) by in situ x-ray diffraction, transport measurements, ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). We were able to identify a sequence of distinct structural changes each of which sets in above a characteristic critical temperature. These critical temperatures depend strongly on the thickness of the individual layers. The structural alterations observed range from interfacial sharpening through texture reorientations up to the formation of a granular state, and are associated with distinct in/decreases of the GMR signal. Using FMR and MOKE we determined in-plane magnetic anisotropies and interlayer coupling for as-grown and annealed samples. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1359223
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dominant role of the size effect for saturation resistivity and giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu multilayers (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 7118-7120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Co/Cu multilayers were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering, varying the individual layer thicknesses tCu≅tCo in the range of t=0.6–50 nm. Additionally, the ratio tCo/tCu was varied as tCo/tCu=0.4–4. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and saturation ferromagnetic (FM) resistivity for the first three antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling maxima were measured as a function of temperature in the range of T=4.2–300 K, with the GMR values ranging up to 115%. For equidistant Co and Cu layers the saturation resistivity at T=4.2 K matches the size effect dependence in single thin films. Even when changing the single layer thickness or the Co/Cu thickness ratio by an order of magnitude a uniform normalized temperature dependence ρ(T,t)/ρ(T0,t) is found and no shunting effects are observed for tCo,tCu〈10 nm. The results favor the following GMR model: The resistivity in the FM (aligned) state is dominated by (hybridized) majority spin electrons, the states of which at similar s like regions of the Fermi surfaces of face-centered-cubic majority Co and Cu allow them to transmit the Co/Cu interfaces with a large mean free path λ. The temperature dependence of λ is governed by the transmittance and it is therefore uniform. Diffuse scattering at crystalline defects at the interfaces reduces λ in accordance with the size effect in single layers. The transition to the AFM state reduces the large λ to the dimensions of Cu–Co↑, ↓–Cu trilayers, that can be understood in terms of a temperature independent size effect, too. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1359224
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