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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 297 (1982), S. 313-315 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A gradual decrease in the Earth's dipole moment at a rate of -5% per lOOyr has been established from observations of the geomagnetic field over the past 150 yr (ref. 3). Less well established but still generally accepted is the slow westward drift of certain features of the geomagnetic field at a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 298 (1982), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The first in situ observations of the magnetic field of Saturn were obtained by the Pioneer 11 spacecraft in September 1979 2'3. Charged particle and magnetic field data both revealed a near perfect alignment of Saturn's magnetic dipole and rotational axes. Subsequent spherical harmonic analyses of ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 312 (1984), S. 136-138 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The essential features of previous theoretical models of Saturn's ionosphere are summarized below. The major topside ion, H"1", is produced via photoionization of atomic H or photo-dissociative ionization of H2. Both H and H"1" are extremely long-lived above the homopause ( 1,100km altitude; all ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 322 (1986), S. 42-43 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Voyager 2 radioastronomy data provide only an indirect determination of the rotation period, because we must make the commonly accepted assumption that the periodic nature of the emission is closely related to the intrinsic rotation of the planet. In order to minimize possible measurement bias ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 292 (1981), S. 721-724 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE close flyby of Saturn at 3.07 Rs (1 Rs = 60,330 km) by Voyager 1 in November 1980 provided a second opportunity to study in situ the intrinsic planetary magnetic field. The first detection of the Saturnian field was accomplished by experiments aboard Pioneer 11 during its close flyby of Saturn ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 292 (1981), S. 724-726 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN November 1980, Voyager 1 became the second spacecraft to obtain in situ observations of the magnetosphere of Saturn: little more than a year earlier, the Pioneer 11 spacecraft returned the first evidence of Saturn's magnetosphere. Analyses of the Pioneer 11 magnetic field observations1'2 ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 292 (1981), S. 753-755 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SATURN'S magnetic tail was first observed by Voyager 1 as it tranversed the saturnian magnetosphere outbound at 03.40 LT. The observed magnetic field directions clearly indicated the sweeping back of field lines into a tail configuration pointing away from the Sun1 and led us to conclude that ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 303 (1983), S. 50-53 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Two SED source locations have been proposed1 based on the repetition period: the atmosphere at equatorial latitudes where ground-based Doppler measurements6 and Voyager imaging measurements7'8 showed cloud-top wind velocities corresponding to a 10 h 10 min rotation period, and a discrete source in ...
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-07-21
    Description: The observations made by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft in the topside (≥200 km) ionosphere of Mars show that this region is very responsive to the variations of the external (solar extreme ultraviolet flux, solar wind, and interplanetary magnetic field [IMF]) and internal (the crustal magnetic field) drivers. With the growth of the solar irradiance the ionosphere broadens while with increase of the solar wind dynamic pressure it shrinks. As a result, the upper ionospheric boundary at solar zenith angles of 60–70° can move from ∼400 to ∼1,200 km. Similar trends are observed at the nightside ionosphere. At Pdyn ≥ 1–2 nPa the nightside ionosphere becomes very fragmented and depleted. On the other hand, the ion density in the nightside ionosphere significantly (up to a factor of 10) increases with the rise of the solar extreme ultraviolet flux. Large-amplitude motions of the topside ionosphere also occur with variations of the value of the cross-flow component of the IMF. The upper dayside ionosphere at altitudes of more than 300–400 km is sensitive also to the direction of the cross-flow component of the IMF or, correspondingly, to the direction of the motional electric field in the solar wind. The ionosphere becomes very asymmetrical with respect to the Vsw×BIMF direction and the asymmetry strongly enhances at the nightside. The topside ionosphere above the areas with strong crustal magnetic field in the dayside southern hemisphere is significantly denser and expands to higher altitudes as compared to the ionosphere above the northern nonmagnetized lowlands. The crustal magnetic field also protects the nightside ionosphere from being filled by plasma transported from the dayside. The draping IMF penetrates deeply into the ionosphere and actively influences its structure. Weak fields and, correspondingly, weak magnetic field forces only slightly affect the ionosphere. With increase of the induced magnetic field strength the transport motions driven by the magnetic field pressure and field tensions seem to be intensified and we observe that the local ion densities at the dayside considerably decrease. A different trend is observed at the nightside. The ion density in the nightside ionosphere above the northern lowlands is higher than in the southern hemisphere indicating that plasma transport from the dayside is the main source of the nightside ionosphere. Nonstop variations in the solar wind, the IMF and the solar irradiance together with planetary rotation of the crustal magnetic field sources lead to a continuous expansion/shrinking and reconfiguration of the topside ionosphere of Mars.
    Keywords: 523 ; Mars ; MAVEN ; Ionosphere ; Solar Wind ; IMF ; Crustal magnetic field
    Language: English
    Type: article
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-06-19
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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