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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Source parameters for the January 1975 Brawley — Imperial valley earthquake swarm (1977)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 115 (1977), S. 333-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Brawley swarm ; Imperial Valley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The source parameters, moment, stress drop and source dimension are estimated for 61 events from the January 1975 Brawley earthquake swarm. Earthquakes studied range in local magnitude from 1.0 to 4.7. Stress drops range from 1 to 636 bars and increase with source depth. It is estimated that the sedimentary structure of the Imperial Valley amplifies shear waves by a factor of 2 to 3 in addition to the free surface amplification of 2. Estimates of moment from 10 sec surface waves are 4 to 6 times larger than the moment estimated from the relatively flat part of the local body wave spectrum at 1 sec. This may be due to after-slip on the fault, a long thin fault, or partial stress drop. It is shown that the experimentally determined ratio of stress drop to apparent stress should be approximately 4.0 when spectrum integration is used to obtainS-wave energy and theP-wave energy is 1/3 theS-wave energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637113
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frictional heat generation and seismic radiation in a foam rubber model of earthquakes (1994)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 142 (1994), S. 735-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault opening ; frictional heat ; heat flow paradox ; slip pulse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results from a study of stick-slip particle motion at the interface between two stressed foam rubber blocks indicate that normal vibrations and interface separation are an important part of the stick-slip process in foam rubber. The dimension of the dynamic slip pulse is small compared to the dimension of the model (approximately 10 cm vs. 200 cm) consistent with the abrupt-locking slip pulse model ofBrune (1970, 1976), andHeaton (1990). A comparison of frictional heat generation between stable-sliding and stick-slip foam rubber models indicates a linear relation between the temperature increase on the fault surface (for a given distance of slip) and the driving shear force for the stable-sliding model, while for the stick-slip model there is essentially no variation in frictional heat generation with an increase in shear stress. We performed experiments to investigate the ratio of normal motion to shear motion at different levels of normal stress in the stick-slip foam rubber model. Preliminary result indicate that the normal component of the particle motion increases more rapidly with increasing normal stress than the shear component. The phenomenon of interface separation and normal vibrations may thus explain some of the most frustrating problems in earthquake mechanics, e.g., the heat flow paradox, the long-term weakness of major active faults, and anomalousP-wave radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876062
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TheSa phase from the Hindu Kush earthquake of July 6, 1962 (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Hindu Kush earthquake of July 6, 1962 produced anSa phase (vertical component or Rayleight type) which was clearly recorded at stations in North America in the distance range 90° to 110°. The propagation of this phase is studied in detail, both by the usual method of measuring velocity of first arrival and also by determining group velocities from the derivative of the phase of the Fourier transform (in the period range 20 to 80 seconds). The energy in theSa phase propagates in a manner intermediate between that of a single ray and that of a single isolated mode. The expected interference effects which vary as a function of distance are observed and complicate a straight-forward measurement of group velocities. The results are most reliable if only the group velocities corresponding to parts of the spectra with relatively high amplitudes are used. The results show a regional variation in the velocity of the Rayleigh typeSa for continental areas, being higher under shield areas than under areas of more recent tectonic activity. The results are compared with theoretical calculations for the Gutenberg, Jeffreys-Bullen and Canadian Shield models of the Earth and the results indicate regional variations in shear velocity in the upper mantle extending to depths of several hundred km under continents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875289
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural features in a brittle–ductile wax model of continental extension (1997)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd
    Nature 387 (1997), S. 67-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Rheological layering in wax, including a continuous transition between brittle and ductile behaviour, may be made by generating a vertical temperature gradient giving a transition from brittle to ductile behaviour at some depth. Previous ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/387067a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ocean bottom seismic measurements on the East Pacific Rise and Rivera Fracture Zone (1976)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 262 (1976), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The capsules4 contain a 1-Hz vertical seismometer and triggered digital recording system. The capsule itself falls freely to the ocean bottom. When triggered acoustically or after a predetermined time, it is released and floats to the surface. An acoustic system facilitates accurate location of the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/262121a0
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  • 6
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    Precarious Rock Evidence for Seismic Shaking during and Prior to the 1992 ML 5.6 Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, Earthquake (2005)
    Sage Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-01
    Description: The 29 June 1992 Richter local magnitude ( ML) 5.6 Little Skull Mountain earthquake, 20 km southeast of Yucca Mountain, caused rockfalls on steep slopes of Little Skull Mountain, while some semi-precarious rocks remained in place. The observation that ground motion was sufficient to cause rockfalls and yet leave semi-precarious rocks untoppled offers both upper- and lower-bound estimates of the history of ground motion at Little Skull Mountain. A ground-motion synthesis code, used in Yucca Mountain probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), was applied to assess the spatial distribution of peak ground acceleration around Little Skull Mountain with respect to the surface attenuation and evidence for ground shaking during the earthquake. Instrumental records for the earthquake, rockfalls, remaining precarious rocks, intensity values estimated from damage to local facilities, and scaling of ground motions based on a recent ML 4.4 Little Skull Mountain aftershock were compared with model predictions. Predicted peak accelerations based on a kappa value of ∼20 ms (used in the Yucca Mountain PSHA) are too high to be consistent with this evidence of ground shaking. This suggests some ground-motion predictions conducted for the Yucca Mountain PSHA may need to be re-examined, and may be too conservative.
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Sage Publications on behalf of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
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  • 7
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    Foam Rubber Modeling of the El Centro Terminal Substation Building (1991)
    Sage Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-01
    Description: Results from a layered foam rubber model of soil and the structure (3-D) of the El Centro Terminal Substation building, site of the well known recording of the 1940 El Centro earthquake, indicate that the response of the foundation for frequencies above 4 Hz is as much as a factor of 3 lower than the free-field response amplitude. To validate the modeling technique with sample structure, we use the formulation for calculating theoretical responses of Wong and Luco (1977). Two-dimensional computer model results by Shannon and Wilson, Inc. and Agbabian Associates (1980), gave a response amplitude in the building about a factor of 2 lower than the response amplitude of the free-field for frequencies above 1.5 Hz. Foam rubber modeling shows that at higher frequencies most of the reduction in response is due to the energy being scattered by the shape of the rigid foundation rather than its inertial mass. Under the assumption that most of the energy was vertically incident SH, the free-field peak acceleration during the May 18, 1940 El Centro earthquake was about 50% higher than recorded on the 1940 accelerogram. The transfer function is very similar in shape to the weighting function used by Munguia and Brune (1984), to match synthetic accelerograms with the 1940 El Centro earthquake, suggesting that much of the relative deficit in high frequency energy was a result of soil-structure interaction rather than a source effect.
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Sage Publications on behalf of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
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  • 8
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    Foam Rubber Modeling of the Lotung Large-Scale Seismic Experiment (1991)
    Sage Publications
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-01
    Description: Results from a layered foam-rubber model of the Lotung Large-Scale Seismic Experiment are compared with the observed data. A Forced Vibration Test of the model predicts a peak response frequency at 4.0-4.1 hz. The actual peak response frequency of the 1/4-scale structure is 3.8 hz. Data from five earthquakes (designated, by EPRI, as events 6, 7, 8, 14, and 16) are used in this study. Events 7 and 16 are mainshocks and high-strain events; event 8 is the aftershock of event 7. Transfer functions from downhole stations to the surface for events 6, 7, 8, and 16 are compared with the corresponding transfer functions in the foam-rubber model. The foam-rubber results agree well with the observed data except for event 7 (the largest event). Transfer functions from the control motion to the top of the 1/4-scale containment for events 6, 7, 8, 14, and 16 are compared with the corresponding transfer functions in the foam-rubber model. For events 6, and 14, results of modeling using a low-strain assumption agree with the observed data. For events 7 and 16, results of modeling using a high-strain assumption agree with the observed frequency response of the containment, but the amplitudes are overestimated. For event 8, the experimental results agree well with the observed data when the high-strain assumption is used. In this study, structure response in a foam-rubber model with a stiff backfill does not support the existence of a stiff backfill at the Lotung site.
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8201
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Sage Publications on behalf of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
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  • 9
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    Precarious rock evidence for low near-source accelerations for trans-tensional strike-slip earthquakes (2003)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9201
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7395
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Seismic moment, seismicity, and rate of slip along major fault zones (1968)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 1968-01-15
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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