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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1019-1025 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Photoconducting model systems: poly(N-vinylcarbazole)/polycarbonate (PVK/PC) blends were investigated by simultaneous measurements of thermally stimulated currents (TSC) and thermoluminescence (TL). It was found that with increasing applied electric field, the TSC maximum increases and shifts towards lower temperatures, but the TL maximum decreases and its position on temperature scale remains unchanged. Moreover, the TSC maximum shifts also towards lower temperatures with increasing PVK content and with decreasing sample thickness and its position depends on the applied electric field polarity in a case when the sample is excited at low temperatures with a strongly absorbed light. The position of the TL maximum is unaffected by these factors. It is concluded that the field dependent TSC maximum cannot be interpreted in terms of the Poole-Frenkel effect, but it is the so-called "transport peak,'' determined by transport and trapping phenomena, and can be regarded as thermally stimulated time-of-flight signal. Spectral analysis of TL indicates that it is characteristic of PVK phosphorescence. It results from recombination of charge carriers thermally liberated from neutral traps under the influence of a charged recombination center, and it can be described by a model based on the Onsager theory of geminate recombination. The detrapping is probably stimulated by the so called "wet dog'' effect, related to molecular γ-relaxation in PVK. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 7634-7640 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to distinguish individual contributions of trihalide anions in β-like structures of the (BEDT-TTF)2X organic conducting single crystals [where BEDT-TTF is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene and X stands for I3, I–I–Br, Br–I–Br, Br–I–Cl, Cl–I–Cl or mixed trihalide anions], low frequency Raman spectra have been recorded at 25 K. This technique permitted us to establish a presence of a ternary mixture of I3, I–I–Br, and Br–I–Br anions in one of the nonstoichiometric salts and an existence of Br–I–Br, Br–I–Cl, and Cl–I–Cl anions in another one. It is not possible to detect these anions independently using the x-ray diffraction method. The ab initio calculated interatomic bond lengths and vibrational frequencies of trihalide anions are in good agreement with experimental data, which confirmed the assignment of observed low-frequency Raman bands. At 80 K the Raman spectra were taken for a fixed linear polarization of the incident laser light, and the examined single crystals were rotated in π/8 increments. In this way, an anisotropy of trihalide anion's polarizability has been investigated to confirm the collinear arrangement of anions and the proposed assignment of Raman bands. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999), S. 7000-7007 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new photoconducting polymer with extended cooperative electronics effects, poly((E,E)-[6.2]paracyclophane-1,5-diene) (PDE), doped with a low molecular weight organic acceptor, 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF), was investigated by means of steady-state photoconductivity and xerographic discharge methods. The photogeneration quantum yield in the PDE+TNF charge transfer (CT) complex for blue light is comparable with the photogeneration yield in poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) doped with TNF. It is demonstrated that the electric-field dependence of the photogeneration quantum yield in PDE+TNF systems can be described by the Braun kinetic model of dissociation of the CT complex, and not by the Onsager model of geminate recombination, which is appropriate for PVK+TNF systems. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The results of TSC and TSD measurements carried out on polymers were analysed in terms of the influence of chain element motions on the release of charge carriers. Due to the relaxation processes occurring with increasing temperature the mobile chain elements “shake off” charge carriers leading to the charge release correlated with molecular mobility. This effect, called the “wet dog effect”, was shown in TSD and TSC experiments carried out on polycarbonate films doped with different amounts of suitable additives (antiplasticizers) and it was related to the chain mobility modification of detrapping phenomena. This study shows that a correlation between particular peak positions in TSC, TSD, TL experiments and carrier motion or dipolar relaxations must be done very carefully.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 42 (Jan. 1991), p. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 122 (Jan. 1993), p. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 21 (Jan. 1991), p. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 358-362 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: second-harmonic generation ; organic metals ; low-temperature phase transitions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of photoinduced optical second-harmonic generation (PISHG) for the bis(ethylenedioxy)tetrathiofulvalene (BEDO-TTF)/Iodine complex in a polycarbonate matrix were performed. Two kinds of samples were studied: as-obtained, grey-violet material, showing a metal-like temperature dependence of conductivity down to liquid helium temperature (system 1), and electrochemically decoloured, transparent (slightly grey) material, showing metallic conductivity down to about 30 K and semiconductive properties below this temperature (system 2). An increase in the PISHG signal with decreasing temperature was observed below 10 K for both specimens. In the temperature range 40-88 K, an increase then a decrease in PISHG with increasing temperature was observed for specimen 2, while practically no PISHG signal was recorded for sample 1. The dependences obtained indicate unambiguously the essential influence of the BEDO-TTF(l) dopant on the PISHG of polycarbonate composites. Simultaneously, competition was demonstrated between the optical second- and third-harmonic signals at photoinducing fluxes near 1015 photons cm-2. A strong increase in the PISHG signal at low temperatures was observed for both systems (below 11 K for sample 2 and below 7 K for sample 1). In the temperature range 40-88 K a maximum of the PISHG was observed only for specimen 2. At higher temperatures the intensity of the PISHG was very low in both kinds of samples.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conducting composites ; organic metals ; organic superconductors ; BEDT-TTF ; nanocrystals ; polymer composites ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A conducting network of crystalline [bis(ethylenodithio)tetrathiafulvalene]2I3 (ET2I3) can be formed within the surface layer of polycarbonate by exposure of films containing 2 wt.% of molecularly dispersed ET to vapours of iodine solution in CH2Cl2, THF or TCE. The relationship between the microstructure and properties of conducting networks formed under different conditions is reported. Depending on the iodine concentration in the solution, the kind of solvent and the treatment time, networks of a-ET2I3 or β-ET2I3 crystallites are formed. Their preferential orientation (c-axis perpendicular to the film plane) can be deduced from X-ray diffraction. Morphological studies performed using a scanning electron microscope revealed a nanoscopic size of crystallites and different habits: plate-like or river-stone-like. The presence of a less organised layer covering the crystallites, possibly formed of salts of another composition, is also discussed. The conductivity of the films is higher than that reported for polycrystalline layers obtained by the evaporation method and for pressed pellets of ET2I3. Films with a-ET2I3 show semiconducting behaviour with some deviation of the temperature dependence of conductivity at 160-200 K. Films with β-ET2I3 show metallic conductivity down to 60 K. Studies of the optical absorption have shown that the conducting network does not contribute much to the UV-VIS spectra of conducting films.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 330-334 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conductive composites ; organic metals ; BEDO-TTF ; nanocrystals ; polymer composites ; optical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The possibilities of increasing the transparency of conductive organic polymeric composites obtained by growing crystalline conductive networks in situ are discussed and new methods of preparation of practically colourless conductive polymer films are presented. We show that in most cases the colour which appears during the preparation of a conducting composite by reticulate doping is not directly related to the conducting network, which usually consist of relatively well-formed microcrystals, but results instead from the additive molecules present in the polymer matrix as less organised aggregates or a molecularly dispersed phase. By an appropriate choice of preparation conditions or electrochemically one can get rid of the strongly absorbing part of the complex so that the absorption in the visible range can be substantially reduced without losing conductivity and without deterioration of the conductive network.These phenomena are demonstrated on polycarbonate with fine networks of BEDO-TTF iodine and bromine salts obtained by casting or spin coating in order to obtain thin homogeneous films, e.g. to prepare electrodes for electro-optical investigations. Transparent, colourless conductive films 20-2 μm thick (surface resistivity of the order of 103-104 Ω/□) have been obtained and the structure of the conductive networks in these materials, their optical properties in the visible and near-infrared range as well as their electrical properties are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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