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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 75 (1969), S. 185-218 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In a previous studyReiter andMahlman [37]3) have estimated the amount of stratospheric air intruding into the stable layer of the jet stream front in a case of cyclogenesis not accompanied by surface radioactive fallout. In the present report the same case is examined on a more general basis. Outflow from, as well as inflow into, the stratosphere is estimated over the entire thickness of the ‘tropopause gap’.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 20 (1971), S. 79-84 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 323-327 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Laplace-Operator, angewandt auf die Terrainhöhe Zentralasiens, zeigt eine hohe Korrelation mit Druckfeldstörungen, die sich während des Sommers in der planetaren Grenzschicht bilden. Tiefdruckgebilde bevorzugen konkave Terrainformen, Hochdruckstörungen scheinen mit konvexen Terrainformen übereinzustimmen. Tiefdruckgebilde in der planetaren Grenzschicht geben oftmals Anlaß zu Unwettern über Tibet und über Ostchina. Diese Beobachtung führt zu der überlegung, daß großräumige orographische Formen zur Ausbildung von “Unwetter-Zugstraßen” führen können.
    Notes: Summary The Laplacian of terrain height over Central Asia correlates well with planetary boundary layer (PBL) pressure perturbations during summer. Low-pressure perturbations favor concave terrain forms, high pressure perturbations appear to go with convex terrain forms. Some of these PBL perturbations have been found to trigger severe weather over Tibet and over eastern China. This observation leads to the speculation that large-scale orographic features may cause the establishment of “severe weather alleys” downwind.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1983), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 39 (1988), S. 119-131 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A numerical prediction model is described which uses the full set of prognostic equations on a domain roughly the size of the United States with a 96 km horizontal grid resolution and six sigma-coordinate levels. Within this grid resides a nested domain of approximately 1000×1000 km with 24 km horizontal resolution. In this nested grid only modifications to the wind field by the better resolved terrain are considered on the lowest two sigma levels. The terrain effects necessitate adjustments in the location of these two sigma levels. Adjusted wind fields cause modifications in the mass and moisture divergence fields, hence in precipitation. These modifications are averaged into the appropriate meteorological fields on the larger grid. The algorithms used by our model allow continuous interaction between both grids with high computational efficiency. The relative importance of synoptic forcing and terrain is demonstrated for the cases of the Big Thompson, Colorado, flood of 1976 and the Cheyenne, Wyoming, flood of 1985.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 39 (1988), S. 184-196 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, analytic solutions of the nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic forms of Long's model were obtained under two different sets of vertical boundary conditions: The first uses a sumusoidal obstacle at the lower boundary and a rigid-lid top for the upper boundary. The second set applies an isolated obstacle of the “Witch of Agnesi” type at the lower boundary, while still using a rigid lid at the top. Following the solution evaluations, comparisons between the nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic solutions were processed in order to describe several influences introduced by using the hydrostatic assumption in this model. Through comparisons we have found that, in the case of a sinusoidal lower boundary condition, the hydrostatic solution is obtained as the zero mode of the nonhydrostatic solution. The influence of the hydrostatic assumption on the model solution is trivial in this case. When an isolated lower boundary condition is applied, however, the solutions illustrate dramatic differences, showing the significance of the effect of hydrostatic assumption on this model's solutions. These effects vary considerably with the model parameters as well. The comparison results also reveal that the realization of the hydrostatic assumption in this model's solutions is accomplished through the vertical boundary conditions used in the model evaluations.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 12 (1961), S. 183-221 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From detailed analyses of “Project Jet Stream” Flights No. 9 (10 January 1957), No. 12 (18 January 1957) and No. 19 (16 February 1957) several interesting conclusions may be drawn as to the detailed structure of the atmosphere near jet streams. The “leaf-like” structure of the troposphere below and to the right of the jet-stream core can be seen from the analyses of potential temperature. Flight No. 9 shows the formation of standing lee-waves with maximum amplitudes within stable layers. Flight No. 12 gives an exceptionally good account of the long-lasting conservation of meso-scalar fluctuations in temperature and wind speed. Flight No. 19 reveals a mechanism of progression of the jet core, which enables the jet axis to proceed towards higher levels.
    Abstract: Résumé L'analyse détaillée de trois vols effectués dans le cadre du “Project Jet Stream” 1957 permet de tirer quelques conclusions intéressantes relatives à la structure fine de l'atmosphère dans le domaine du jet. la température potentielle fait apparaître une structure feuilletée de la troposphère sous le jet et à sa droite. Le vol No 9 montre la formation d'ondes stationnaires à amplitude maximum dans le domaine de zones stables. Le vol No 12 met en évidence la persistance de variations de température et de vitesse à l'échelle moyenne, tandis que le vol No 19 décèle un mécanisme tendant à déplacer l'axe du jet vers le haut.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus detaillierten Analysen der „Project Jet Stream”-Flüge Nr. 9 (10. Januar 1957), Nr. 12 (18. Januar 1957) und Nr. 19 (16. Februar 1957) können einige interessante Schlußfolgerungen auf die Feinstruktur der Atmosphäre im Bereich von Strahlströmen gezogen werden. Aus den Analysen der potentiellen Temperatur geht eine blättrige Struktur der Troposphäre unterhalb und rechts des Strahlstromkernes deutlich hervor. Flug Nr. 9 zeigt die Bildung stehender Leewellen mit maximalen Amplituden im Bereich stabiler Zonen. Flug Nr. 12 läßt besonders gut die lang anhaltende Erhaltungstendenz der mesostrukturellen Temperatur- und Geschwindigkeitsschwankungen erkennen, während bei der Analyse des Fluges Nr. 19 ein Verlagerungsmechanismus festzustellen war, der eine Verschiebung des Strahlstromkernes gegen höhere Niveaus hin zu bewirken scheint.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 28 (1980), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Detaillierte Analysen von Radiosonden- und Flugzeugdaten wurden benützt, um das Eindringen von Stratosphärenluft in die Troposphäre und das Einströmen von troposphärischen Luftmassen in die Stratosphäre zu identifizieren. Der letztere dieser beiden Austauschvorgänge war mit einer signifikanten Differenzierung zwischen potentieller Vorticity-Tropopause und Stabilitätstropopause assoziiert. Er trat in der Konfluenzregion zwischen zwei Strahlstromästen verschiedenen Ursprungs auf und war mit starker, antizyklonaler Scherung verbunden, die im Zusammenhang mit einem Windmaximum oberhalb der Stabilitätstropopause stand.
    Notes: Summary Detailed analyses of radiosonde and aircraft data were used to identify regions of stratospheric air incursions into the troposphere and of tropospheric air inflow into the stratosphere. The latter flow phenomenon was associated with a distinct separation between potential vorticity tropopause and stability tropopause. It occurred in the region of confluence between jet branches of different origin and was connected with strong anticyclonic shears which are associated with the presence of a wind maximum above the stability tropopause.
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