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1

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Nitrogen storage and remobilization in ash (Fraxinus excelsior) under field and laboratory conditions (1997)

Marmann, Peter ; Wendler, Renate ; Millard, Peter ; [et al.]

Springer

Trees 11 (1997), S. 298-305

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ISSN: 0931-1890

Keywords: Key words Fracinus excelsior ; Nitrogen storage ; Protein remobilization ; 15N labelling ; Budget studies

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Storage and remobilization of nitrogen (N) were studied in ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) under both field and greenhouse conditions. Experiments in the greenhouse providing 15N labelled fertilizer to the trees showed that the major quantity of N remobilized during subsequent spring was from the roots, and only a small amount from the stem. This corresponded with a loss of soluble N (proteins and low-molecular-weight compounds) from both roots and stem. On the two field sites, which differed in water availability, there was a decrease in bark N content during leaf growth, but on the dry site net N export from the bark was sustained throughout the whole vegetation period. Remobilized N was derived from soluble proteins and low-molecular-weight compounds on the moist site, which was demonstrated by the seasonal dynamics of a 56 kDa polypeptide in bark and wood. On the dry site, lower contents of soluble proteins were associated with smaller amounts of N remobilized compared to the moist site. Uptake studies of 15N labelled fertilizer indicated a higher contribution of current uptake to leaf N increment during spring at the dry site compared to the moist site. Differential N availability during the season had a decisive effect on the nitrogen storage dynamics at the two sites. Thus the influence of current N supply on N remobilization and storage as found in the greenhouse-grown plants could be verified under field conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009675

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Does elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affect internal nitrogen allocation in the temperate trees Alnus glutinosa and Pinus sylvestris? (2003)

Temperton, Victoria M. ; Millard, Peter ; Jarvis, Paul G.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd

Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Nitrogen-fixing plant species growing in elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) should be able to maintain a high nutrient supply and thus grow better than other species. This could in turn engender changes in internal storage of nitrogen (N) and remobilisation during periods of growth. In order to investigate this one-year-old-seedlings of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn and Pinus sylvestris (L.) were exposed to ambient [CO2] (350 µmol mol−1) and elevated [CO2] (700 µmol mol−1) in open top chambers (OTCs). This constituted a main comparison between a nitrogen-fixing tree and a nonfixer, but also between an evergreen and a deciduous species. The trees were supplied with a full nutrient solution and in July 1994, the trees were given a pulse of 15N-labelled fertiliser. The allocation of labelled N to different tissues (root, leaves, shoots) was followed from September 1994 to June 1995. While N allocation in P. sylvestris (Scots pine) showed no response to elevated [CO2], A. glutinosa (common alder) responded in several ways. During the main nutrient uptake period of June–August, trees grown in elevated [CO2] had a higher percentage of N derived from labelled fertiliser than trees grown in ambient [CO2]. Remobilisation of labelled N for spring growth was significantly higher in A. glutinosa grown in elevated [CO2] (9.09% contribution in ambient vs. 29.93% in elevated [CO2] leaves). Exposure to elevated [CO2] increased N allocation to shoots in the winter of 1994–1995 (12.66 mg in ambient vs. 43.42 mg in elevated 1993 shoots; 4.81 mg in ambient vs. 40.00 mg in elevated 1994 shoots). Subsequently significantly more labelled N was found in new leaves in April 1995. These significant increases in movement of labelled N between tissues could not be explained by associated increases in tissue biomass, and there was a significant shift in C-biomass allocation away from the leaves towards the shoots (all above-ground material except leaves) in A. glutinosa. This experiment provides the first evidence that not only are shifts in C allocation affected by elevated [CO2], but also internal N resource utilisation in an N2-fixing tree.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00568.x

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3

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Carbon partitioning and rhizosphere C-flow in Lolium perenne as affected by CO2 concentration, irradiance and below-ground conditions (1999)

Paterson, EriC. ; Hodge, Angela ; Thornton, Barry ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 5 (1999), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Plant responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations have received considerable interest. However, major uncertainties in relation to interactive effects of CO2 with above- and below-ground conditions remain. This microcosm study investigated the impacts of CO2 concentration on plant growth, dry matter partitioning and rhizodeposition as affected by: (i) photon flux density (PFD), and (ii) growth matrix. Plants were grown in a sandy loam soil for 28 d under two photon flux densities: 350 (low PFD) and 1000 μmol m–2 s–1 (high PFD) and two CO2 concentrations: 450 (low CO2) and 720 μmol mol–1 (high CO2). Partitioning of recent assimilate amongst plant and rhizosphere C-pools was determined by use of 14CO2 pulse-labelling. In treatments with high PFD and/or high CO2, significant (P 〈 0.05) increases in dry matter production were found in comparison with the low PFD/low CO2 treatment. In addition, significant (P 〈 0.05) reductions in shoot %N and SLA were found in treatments imposing high PFD and/or high CO2. Root weight ratio (RWR) was unaffected by CO2 concentration, however, partitioning of 14C to below ground pools was significantly (P 〈 0.05) increased. In a separate study, L. perenne was grown for 28 d in microcosms percolated with nutrient solution, in either a sterile sand matrix or nonsterile soil, under high or low CO2. Dry matter production was significantly (P 〈 0.01) increased for both sand and soil grown seedlings. Dry matter partitioning was affected by matrix type. 14C-allocation below ground was increased for sand grown plants. Rhizodeposition was affected by CO2 concentration for growth in each matrix, but was increased for plants grown in the soil matrix, and decreased for those in sand. The results illustrate that plant responses to CO2 are potentially affected by (i) PFD, and (ii) by feedbacks from the growth matrix. Such feedbacks are discussed in relation to soil nutrient status and interactions with the rhizosphere microbial biomass.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00267.x

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Effect of elevated CO2 on carbon partitioning and exudate release from Plantago lanceolata seedlings (1998)

Hodge, Angela ; Millard, Peter

Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers

Physiologia plantarum 103 (1998), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Plantago lanceolata L. seedlings were grown in sand microcosm units over a 43-day experimental period under two CO2 regimes (800 or 400 µmol mol−1) to investigate the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on carbon partitioning and exudate release. Total organic carbon (TOC) content of the collected exudate material was measured throughout the experimental period. After 42 days growth the seedlings were labelled with [14C]-CO2 and the fate of the label within the plant and its release by the roots monitored. Elevated CO2 significantly (P ≤ 0.001) enhanced shoot, root and total dry matter production although the R:S ratio was unaltered, suggesting no alteration in gross carbon partitioning. The cumulative release of TOC (in mg C) over 0-42 days was unaltered by CO2 treatment however, when expressed as a percentage of net assimilated C, ambient-grown plants released a significantly (P≤ 0.001) higher percentage from their roots compared to elevated CO2-grown plants (i.e. 8 vs 3%). The distribution of 14C-label was markedly altered by CO2 treatment with significantly (P≤ 0.001) greater per cent label partitioned to the roots under elevated CO2. This indicates increased partitioning of recent assimilate below-ground under elevated CO2 treatment although there was no significant difference in the percentage of 14C-label released by the roots. Comparison of plant C budgets based on 14C-pulse-chase methodology and TOC measurements is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030216.x

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5

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Timing of nitrogen uptake affects winter storage and spring remobilisation of nitrogen in nectarine (Prunus persica var. nectarina) trees (1999)

Tagliavini, Massimo ; Millard, Peter ; Quartieri, Maurizio ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 149-153

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: nitrogen ; Prunus ; remobilisation ; storage ; uptake

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Two-year old nectarine trees (Prunus persica, Batsch, var. nectarina, cv. Starkredgold on GF305 rootstock) planted in pots each received five applications of 1.0 g 15N labelled urea either from mid May to mid July (early uptake) or from mid August to the beginning of October (late uptake). All trees were supplied with a corresponding amount of unlabelled urea when they did not receive the labelled N. In autumn, all abscised leaves were collected and during winter randomly selected trees were harvested and divided into main organs. The remaining trees were transplanted into similar pots filled with sand; they received no N fertiliser and were harvested in May to evaluate the remobilisation of N. Total N and 15N abundance were determined in each organ. Nectarine trees took up similar amounts of N in the 'early' and in the 'late' period; however, more labelled nitrogen was recovered in the perennial organs during the winter when trees received the labelled N in the 'late' than in the 'early' period. Some 73–80% of the N present in the dormant trees was stored in the roots, which contained almost twice the amount of labelled N taken up 'late' than that absorbed 'early'. Nitrogen for spring growth was remobilised predominantly from the roots and accounted for some 43–49% of the labelled N recovered in the tree during winter. Results suggest that the nitrogen taken up 'late' in the season is preferentially stored in roots and used by peach trees to sustain new growth the following spring.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004698422522

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6

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Remobilised nitrogen and root uptake of nitrate for spring leaf growth, flowers and developing fruits of pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees (1997)

Tagliavini, Massimo ; Quartieri, Maurizio ; Millard, Peter

Springer

Plant and soil 195 (1997), S. 137-142

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: internal N cycling ; leaf growth ; N remobilisation ; N uptake ; Pyrus communis

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Both uptake of fertiliser N and remobilisation of stored N were quantified for the early growth of spur and shoot leaves, flowers and fruit development of pear trees. One-year old Abbé F. trees grafted on quince C rootstocks were fertilised with a generous N supply for one year and while dormant during the winter, transferred to sand cultures. Each tree received 3 g of labelled nitrate-N at the end of winter and in early spring. Leaves, flowers and fruit were sampled on 5 separate occasions and the recovery of labelled N used to distinguish the remobilisation of N and the root uptake of nitrate. Remobilisation of stored N accounted for most of the N present in leaves and flowers during blossoming. Remobilisation of nitrogen stopped between petal fall and the beginning of fruit development. Root uptake of nitrate linearly increased over time and at the last sampling, 55 days after bud burst, fertiliser N contributed approximately half of the total N recovered in both spur and shoot leaves, the remainder coming from remobilisation. Flowers and fruits based their N metabolism more on remobilisation as compared to the leaves. This pattern of internal cycling of N is discussed in relation to fertilisation strategies for pear trees.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004207918453

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7

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Uptake by rat peritoneal macrophages of125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone entrapped within liposomes (1981)

Pratten, Margaret K. ; Millard, Peter C. ; Lloyd, John B.

Springer

Bioscience reports 1 (1981), S. 125-133

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ISSN: 1573-4935

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro capture125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone entrapped within either negatively or positively charged liposomes more rapidly than they do the free macromolecule. The uptake of negatively charged liposomes was linear with time over l0 h, whilst the uptake of positively charged ones, although more rapid, was more transient. Neither type of liposome was taken up in the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (100 μg/ml), and 5 mM calcium chloride increased the uptake of negatively charged liposomes. The enhanced uptake of 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone when presented in liposomes must have been a consequence of entrapment rather than of a simple interaction between lipid and polyvinylpyrrolidone, since the presence of the lipids employed or of empty liposomes had no effect on the uptake of unentrapped125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01117009

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8

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Different fixative-resin combinations and the immunocytochemical demonstration of immunoglobulins (kappa light chains) in semithin sections (1985)

Smart, Ysanne ; Millard, Peter R.

Springer

Journal of molecular histology 17 (1985), S. 1337-1345

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ISSN: 1573-6865

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Summary The effect of six different epoxy resins on the immunostaining of kappa light chains in tonsilar tissue which had been fixed by one of three fixing variants is described. The results show that not only may a specific resin influence the reaction but this may be enhanced by adopting a particular fixative-resin combination.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01002530

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