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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrition and the ozone sensitivity of birch (Betula pendula) (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Betula pendula ; Ozone ; Nutrition ; Carbon balance ; Water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Cuttings of a single birch clone (Betula pendula) were grown in field fumigation chambers throughout the growing season in either filtered air (control) or 90/40 nl O3 l–1 (day/night), both regimes being split into high and low nutrient supply. High nutrition was neither advantageous for maintaining the photosynthetic capacity and life span of the leaves (see Maurer et al. 1997) nor for limiting the productive loss of the whole plant under O3 stress relative to low-fertilized (LF) plants. However, nutrition determined, through carbon allocation and leaf turn-over, the way plants coped with O3 impact. High leaf turn-over under O3 stress related the carbon gain of high-fertilized (HF) plants to the photosynthesis of newly formed, intact leaves, although the foliage area remained reduced (shedding of O3-injured leaves, inhibited branching). In contrast, the low leaf turn-over of LF plants reflected the maintenance of the O3-injured leaves, causing high respiratory costs in the whole-plant carbon balance and a root/shoot biomass ratio as low as in the HF plants. Within the root system, the carbon allocation was determined by nutrition rather than ozone, whereas the water-use efficiency of the whole-plant carbon increment was lowered by ozone in both nutrient regimes. The relationship between biomass production and nutrient levels in the whole plant was hardly affected by ozone, with only the range of interaction being narrowed. Conditions requiring the maintenance of foliage rather than favoring the replacement of O3-injured leaves may render trees more susceptible to shifts in the carbon allocation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009693
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrition and the ozone sensitivity of birch (Betula pendula) (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Betula pendula ; Ozone ; Nutrition ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Cuttings of a single birch clone (Betula pendula) were grown in field fumigation chambers throughout the growing season in either filtered air (control) or 90/40 nl O3 l–1 (day/night). Both regimes were split into plants under high and low nutrient supply (macro- and micronutrients). The stomatal density of leaves was increased by ozone but was lowered at high nutrition, while the inner air space was hardly affected by the treatments. Ozone induced macroscopic leaf injury regardless of nutrition, but leaf shedding was delayed in the low-fertilized plants, despite O3 uptake being similar to that in high-fertilized plants. The leaf turn-over was enhanced in the O3-exposed high-fertilized plants, but length growth and leaf formation of stems were not affected by ozone in either nutrient regime. Leaves of high-fertilized plants showed O3-caused decline in photosynthetic capacity, water-use efficiency, apparent carbon uptake efficiency and quantum yield earlier as compared with low-fertilized plants, whereas chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM) and leaf nitrogen concentration were rather stable. CO2 uptake rate and rubisco activity of young leaves compensated for the O3 injury in the ageing leaves of the low-fertilized plants. In 8-week-old leaves, however, the O3-induced decline in CO2 uptake did not differ between the nutrient regimes and was associated with increased dark respiration rather than changed photorespiration. The balance between CO2 supply and demand was lost, as was stomatal limitation on CO2 uptake. High nutrition did not help leaves to maintain a high photosynthetic capacity and life span under O3 stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009692
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth-induced water potentials may mobilize internal water for growth (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 14 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Wphen there is no external source of water, plants can grow by mobilizing internal water from nongrowing tissues. We investigated how this internal water moves by measuring continuously and simultaneously the water potential (ψw) of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings in the upper, growing stem tissues and the lower, non-growing stem tissues. When external water was available to the roots, the stems grew rapidly and the ψw of the growing tissue was continually below that of the nongrowing tissue and the medium around the roots. This indicated that a growth-induced gradient in ψw favoured water movement from the external source to the growing cells. When the external source was removed, the ψw of the growing tissue remained constant for a time and the ψw of the nongrowing tissue decreased somewhat. Growth took place slowly as water was withdrawn from the nongrowing tissue but ψw gradients continued to favour water transport to the growing cells. On the other hand, if this internal source was removed by excision, growth ceased abruptly. In this case, the cell walls relaxed and the ψw of the growing tissue decreased by about 0.1 MPa instead of remaining constant. The ψw of the detached nongrowing tissues remained constant instead of decreasing. This indicates not only that water mobilization required attached nongrowing or slowly growing tissues but also that mobilization affected wall relaxation. Thus, ψw differences may mobilize internal water, may explain the continued growth of plants and plant parts removed from external sources of water, and may account for discrepancies in measurements of cell wall properties in growing tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb00960.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plants can grow on internal water (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 14 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Water uptake is required when plants enlarge but growth may also occur when no external water is present. To determine whether this growth also depends on water, we studied etiolated seedlings of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) deprived of external water by transplanting to vermiculite of low water content or by transferring to water-saturated air. When the external water supply was decreased or removed, the roots continued to grow rapidly but the stems abruptly decreased in growth (in 1 min) and continued to grow slowly. The stem tissues gained water content in the upper elongating region and lost water content in the basal region. Removal of the basal stem caused growth to slow further. When all tissues surrounding the stem elongating region were removed simultaneously, stem growth decreased abruptly to near zero. Control experiments showed that the decreased growth was not caused by wounding or the removal of the auxin or nutrient supply. It is concluded that growth always depended on a source of water and, when external supplies were absent, internal water was mobilized to enlarging tissues of shoots and roots mostly from the basal stem tissues in these seedlings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb00961.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beech foliage as a bioindicator of pollution near a waste incinerator
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 85 (1994), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90085-X
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal variations of light-saturated CO2 assimilation and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration are not related to leaf water potential (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 69 (1986), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377072
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating photosynthetic rate and annual carbon gain in conifers from specific leaf weight and leaf biomass (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Specific leaf weight ; Carbon balance ; Larix ; Picea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Canopy photosynthesis is difficult to measure directly or to predict with complex models demanding knowledge of seasonal variation in environmental and physiological properties of the canopy. Trees in particular offer a challenge with their large, aerodynamically rough and seasonally-changing canopy properties. In this paper we assess the possibility of using specific leaf weight to predict seasonal and annual net photosynthetic rate in deciduous (Larix sp.) and evergreen (Picea abies) conifers. Annual photosynthetic rate and specific leaf weight of different positions of the crown in both species were highly correlated (r 2=0.930). Annual carbon uptake by different segments in a mature P. abies crown was closely related to leaf biomass. The relationship was improved by adjusting the leaf biomass of each segment in regard to its specific leaf weight relative to the maximum found in the canopy. The adjustment accounted for associated differences in photosynthetic activity. This combined structural index (leaf biomassxrelative specific leaf weight) could, when calibrated, predict the total annual carbon uptake by different parts of the crown. If direct measurements of photosynthesis are not available, the combined structural index may still serve as a comparative estimator of annual carbon uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379238
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental control of CO2-assimilation and leaf conductance in Larix decidua Mill. (1981)
    Springer
    Oecologia 50 (1981), S. 54-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary CO2-assimilation and leaf conductance of Larix decidua Mill. were measured in the field at high (Patscherkofel, Austria) and low (Bayreuth, Germany) elevation in Europe, and outside its natural range along an altitudinal gradient in New Zealand. Phenology of leaf and stem growth showed New Zealand sites to have much longer growing seasons than in Europe, so that the timberline (1,330 m) season was almost twice as long as at the Austrian timberline (1,950 m). The maximum rates of photosynthesis, A max, were similar at all sites after completion of leaf growth, namely 3 to 3.5 μmol m-2 s-1. Only the sun needles of the Bayreuth tree reached 3.5 to 5 μmol m-2 s-1. Light response curves for CO2-assimilation changed during leaf ontogeny, the slope being less in young than in adult leaves. The temperature optimum for 90% of maximum photosynthesis was at all sites similar between ca. 12–28°C for much of the summer. Only at the cooler high altitude timberline sites were optima lower at ca. 10–16°C in developing needles during early summer. A linear correlation existed between A max and leaf conductance at A max, and this showed no difference between the sites except for sun needles at Bayreuth. Leaf conductance responded strongly to light intensity and this was concurrent with the light response of CO2-uptake. A short-term and a long-term effect were differentiated. With increasing age maximum rates of CO2-uptake and leaf conductance at A max increased, whereas short-term response during changes in light declined. The stomata became less responsive with increasing age and tended to remain open. The stomatal responses to light have a significant effect on the water use efficiency during diurnal courses. A higher water use efficiency was found for similar atmospheric conditions in spring than in autumn. Stomata responded with progressive closure to declining air humidity in a similar manner under dissimilar climates. Humidity response thus showed insensitivity to habitat differences. From the diurnal course of gas-exchange stomata were more closed at timberline (1,330 m) than at lower elevations but this did not lead to corresponding site differences in CO2-exchange suggesting Larix may not be operating at high water use efficiency when air is humid. The main difference between habitats studied was in the time necessary for completion of needle development. Similarity in photosynthesis and leaf conductance existed between sites when tree foliage was compared at the same stage of development. Length of growing season and time requirement for foliar development appear to be a principle factor in the carbon balance of deciduous species. The evergreen habit may be more effective in counterbalancing the effects of cool short summers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378793
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon uptake and respiration in above-ground parts of a Larix decidua × leptolepis tree (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Carbon uptake ; Respiration ; Carbon balances ; Water loss ; Sun and shade branches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shade needles of hybrid larch (Larix decidua × leptolepis) had the same rates of photosynthesis as sun needles per dry weight and nitrogen, and a similar leaf conductance under conditions of light saturation at ambient CO2 (Amax). However, on an area basis, Amax and specific leaf weight were lower in shade than in sun needles. Stomata of sun needles limited CO2 uptake at light saturation by about 20%, but under natural conditions of light in the shade crown, shade needles operated in a range of saturating internal CO2 without stomatal limitation of CO2 uptake. In both needle types, stomata responded similarly to changes in light, but shade needles were more sensitive to changes in vapor pressure deficit than sun needles. Despite a high photosynthetic capacity, the ambient light conditions reduced the mean daily (in summer) and annual carbon gain of shade needles to less than 50% of that in sun needles. In sun needles, the transpiration per carbon gain was about 220 mol mol−1 on an annual basis. The carbon budget of branches was determined from the photosynthetic rate, the needle biomass and respiration, the latter of which was (per growth and on a carbon basis) 1.6 mol mol−1 year−1 in branch and stem wood. In shade branches carbon gains exceeded carbon costs (growth + respiration) by only a factor of 1.6 compared with 3.5 in sun branches. The carbon balance of sun branches was 5 times higher per needle biomass of a branch or 9 times higher on a branch length basis than shade branches. The shade foliage (including the shaded near-stem sun foliage) only contributed approximately 23% to the total annual carbon gain of the tree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202378
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterosis in hybrid larch (Larix decidua x leptolepis) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Heterosis ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Individual 33-year-old forest trees of the deciduous conifer speciesLarix decidua, Larix leptolepis andLarix decidua x leptolepis were investigated with respect to the phenomenon of stem heterosis in hybrid larch; the first part of this study compares the gas exchange responses of leaves. CO2 assimilation per leaf area was similar in the three larch species, but on a dry weight basis the nitrogen content of the needles and maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax) were slightly higher in the hybrid. This increase was accompanied by a higher protein content than in the Japanese and a lower specific leaf weight than in the European larch. All three species were similar in terms of the photosynthetic “nitrogen use” and stomatal conductance atA max. The similar slopes of the area-related steady-state responses of gas exchange against irradiance, evaporative demand and internal CO2 concentration led to similar rates of CO2 uptake under ambient conditions. The natural combinations and variability of the environmental factors also reduced the small dry weight-related difference inA max between hybrid larch and the parent species, such that all trees achieved similar daily carbon gains. Thus, the ecological significance of small interspecific differences in the metabolism of leaves has very little effect under the natural habitat conditions of a temperate climate. The second part of the study will investigate the effect of growth characteristics on the heterosis of hybrid larch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01816819
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