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  • 1
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    Anomalous Reconnection Layer at Earth's Dayside Magnetopause (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Observations by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft (MMS) of an unusual layer, located between the dayside magnetosheath and the magnetosphere, alternating with encounters with the magnetosheath during an extended time period between December 31, 2015 and January 01, 2016, when the interplanetary magnetic field was strongly southward and the Earth's dipole tilt large and negative, are presented. It appears to have been magnetically connected to both magnetosphere and magnetosheath. The layer appears to be located mostly on closed field lines and was bounded by a rotational discontinuity (RD) at its magnetosheath edge and by the magnetosphere on its earthward side. A separatrix layer, with heated magnetosheath electrons streaming unidirectionally along the field lines, was present sunward of the RD. We infer that the layer was started by a dominant reconnection site well north of the spacecraft and that it may have gained additional width, from a large drop in solar wind density and ram pressure, which preceded the beginning of the event by more than an hour. Relative to the magnetosheath, in which the magnetic field was strongly southward, this unusual layer was characterized by a less southward, more dawnward magnetic field of lower magnitude. The plasma density and flow speed in the region were lower than in the magnetosheath, albeit with Alfvénic jetting occurring at the magnetosheath edge as well as at the magnetospheric edge of the layer. The closing of the magnetic field lines requires the existence of another reconnection site, located southward/tailward of MMS.
    Description: Key Points: Magnetopause encounter for strongly southward interplanetary magnetic field, low solar wind Alfvén Mach number, and large dipole tilt. Persistent and broad magnetopause layer with magnetospheric O+ and heated magnetosheath plasma. Inferred dominant reconnection site near northern cusp, far from the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft location.
    Description: MPE
    Description: NASA http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104
    Description: Norwegian Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005416
    Keywords: ddc:538.7
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial observations of fine plasma structures at the flank magnetopause with the complex plasma analyzer SCA-1 onboard the Interball Tail Probe (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 570-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fast plasma analyzer EU-1 of the SCA-1 complex plasma spectrometer is installed onboard the Interball Tail Probe (Interball-1). It provides fast threedimensional measurements of the ion distribution function on the low-spin-rate Prognoz satellite (about 2min). The EU-1 ion spectrometer with virtual aperture consists of two detectors with 16 E/Q narrow-angle analyzers and electrostatic scanners. This configuration allows one to measure the ion distribution function in three dimensions (over 15 energy steps in 50 eV/Q–5.0 keV/Q energy range in 64 directions) in 7.5 s, which makes it independent of the slow rotation speed of the satellite. A description of the instrument and its capabilities is given. We present here the preliminary results of measurements of ions for two cases of the dawn low-and mid-latitude magnetopause crossings. The properties of observed ion structures and their tentative explanation are presented. The 12 September 1995 pass at low latitude at about 90° solar-zenith angle on the dawn side of the magnetosphere is considered in more detail. Dispersive ions are seen at the edge of the magnetopause and at the edges of subsequently observed plasma structures. Changes in ion velocity distribution in plasma structures observed after the first magnetopause crossing suggest that what resembles multiple magnetopause crossings may be plasma blobs penetrating the magnetosphere. Observed variations of plasma parameters near magnetopause structures suggest nonstationary reconnection as the most probable mechanism for observed structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0570-8
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental tests of a toroidal electrostatic analyzer (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 58 (1987), S. 501-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A toroidal electrostatic analyzer of a design suitable for space plasma instrumentation has been constructed and tested. Experimental results are compared with second-order ion optical theory and are in good agreement. Verifying the ion optics of the toroid was simplified by use of a position-sensing microchannel-plate detector mounted on a positioning system with three translational degrees of freedom located at the toroid exit. The toroidal analyzer described here is the first optical element in a fully toroidal mass spectrograph intended for analysis of kilovolt magnetospheric plasmas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139260
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2π-radian field-of-view toroidal electrostatic analyzer (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 743-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a new type of electrostatic charged particle analyzer based on toroidal geometry. The analyzer features a 360°×10° (polar×azimuthal) field of view and a focal length in the polar direction significantly longer than that of similar devices based on spherical geometry. Extended focal length is a requirement for matching the electrostatic energy spectrometer with a second, mass-resolving, analyzer. Laboratory tests show that the toroid design has a large geometric factor per unit of instrument weight, good energy-angle resolution in the particle deflection plane, and sharp (1.0° FWHM) resolution at focus in the polar angle direction. The analyzer is well suited for use in satellite-borne mass spectrometry and also as a stand-alone electrostatic analyzer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139821
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tethys and Dione as sources of outward-flowing plasma in Saturn’s magnetosphere (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 447 (2007), S. 833-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Rotating at over twice the angular speed of Earth, Saturn imposes a rapid spin on its magnetosphere. As a result, cold, dense plasma is believed to be flung outward from the inner magnetosphere by centrifugal force and replaced by hotter, more tenuous plasma from the outer magnetosphere. The ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05906
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An extreme distortion of the Van Allen belt arising from the ‘Hallowe'en’ solar storm in 2003 (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 432 (2004), S. 878-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Earth's radiation belts—also known as the Van Allen belts—contain high-energy electrons trapped on magnetic field lines. The centre of the outer belt is usually 20,000–25,000 km from Earth. The region between the belts is normally devoid of particles, and is ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03116
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment and Plasma Source Instrument (1995)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 71 (1995), S. 409-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE) and the Plasma Source Instrument (PSI) have been developed in response to the requirements of the ISTP Program for three-dimensional (3D) plasma composition measurements capable of tracking the circulation of low-energy (0–500 eV) plasma through the polar magnetosphere. This plasma is composed of penetrating magnetosheath and escaping ionospheric components. It is in part lost to the downstream solar wind and in part recirculated within the magnetosphere, participating in the formation of the diamagnetic hot plasma sheet and ring current plasma populations. Significant obstacles which have previously made this task impossible include the low density and energy of the outflowing ionospheric plasma plume and the positive spacecraft floating potentials which exclude the lowest-energy plasma from detection on ordinary spacecraft. Based on a unique combination of focusing electrostatic ion optics and time of flight detection and mass analysis, TIDE provides the sensitivity (seven apertures of ∼ 1 cm2 effective area each) and angular resolution (6°×18°) required for this purpose. PSI produces a low energy plasma locally at the POLAR spacecraft that provides the ion current required to balance the photoelectron current, along with a low temperature electron population, regulating the spacecraft potential slightly positive relative to the space plasma. TIDE/PSI will: (a) measure the density and flow fields of the solar and terrestrial plasmas within the high polar cap and magnetospheric lobes; (b) quantify the extent to which ionospheric and solar ions are recirculated within the distant magnetotail neutral sheet or lost to the distant tail and solar wind; (c) investigate the mass-dependent degree energization of these plasmas by measuring their thermodynamic properties; (d) investigate the relative roles of ionosphere and solar wind as sources of plasma to the plasma sheet and ring current.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751337
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) for the polar mission (1995)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 71 (1995), S. 497-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The science objectives of the Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS) are to investigate the transfer of solar wind energy and momentum to the magnetosphere, the interaction between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere, the transport processes that distribute plasma and energy throughout the magnetosphere, and the interactions that occur as plasma of different origins and histories mix and interact. In order to meet these objectives the TIMAS instrument measures virtually the full three-dimensional velocity distribution functions of all major magnetospheric ion species with one-half spin period time resolution. The TIMAS is a first-order double focusing (angle and energy), imaging spectrograph that simultaneously measures all mass per charge components from 1 AMU e−1 to greater than 32 AMU e−1 over a nearly 360° by 10° instantaneous field-of-view. Mass per charge is dispersed radially on an annular microchannel plate detector and the azimuthal position on the detector is a map of the instantaneous 360° field of view. With the rotation of the spacecraft, the TIMAS sweeps out very nearly a 4π solid angle image in a half spin period. The energy per charge range from 15 eV e−1 to 32 keV e−1 is covered in 28 non-contiguous steps spaced approximately logarithmically with adjacent steps separated by about 30%. Each energy step is sampled for approximately 20 ms;14 step (odd or even) energy sweeps are completed 16 times per spin. In order to handle the large volume of data within the telemetry limitations the distributions are compressed to varying degrees in angle and energy, log-count compressed and then further compressed by a lossless technique. This data processing task is supported by two SA3300 microprocessors. The voltages (up to 5 kV) for the tandem toroidal electrostatic analyzers and preacceleration sections are supplied from fixed high voltage supplies using optically controlled series-shunt regulators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00751339
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overview of the image science objectives and mission phases (2000)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 91 (2000), S. 51-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission uses a suite of imaging instruments to investigate the global response of the magnetosphere to changing solar wind conditions. Detailed science questions that fall under this broad objective include plasma processes that occur on the dayside, flanks, and nightside of the magnetosphere. The IMAGE orbit has been carefully designed to optimize the investigation of these plasma processes as the orbit precesses through the magnetospheric regions. We discuss here the phasing of the IMAGE orbit during the two-year prime mission and the relationship between the orbit characteristics and the critical science objectives of the mission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005255224024
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the interplanetary magnetic field on the auroral oval and plasmapause (1979)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 23 (1979), S. 449-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent research into the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on the Earth's auroral oval and plasmapause are reviewed. While the IMF sector structure has been known for some time to produce asymmetries in polar-cap convection, recent work has shown these effects to extend into the dayside auroral oval. A restricted region of local times referred to as the convection ‘throat’ is found to move to either side of the noon meridian in response to changes in the IMF B y component. The question of the entry of solar-wind plasma into the magnetosphere continues to be a prime area of research. While it is generally felt that magnetic merging must play some significant role, evidence continues to mount that it does not occur at the subsolar magnetopause, as previously supposed, and that other driving forces for antisunward convection must occur on closed field lines. A suggestion is made that many of the seemingly conflicting observations that have been made in the region of the dayside cusps can be explained if significant distortions of closed field lines near the dayside magnetopause are allowed and if closed and open field lines coexist in the cusp, particularly near the entry layer. Effects of the IMF on the nightside auroral oval and on the plasmapause stem chiefly from the expansion of the oval to lower latitudes which is produced by southward IMF components and from the impulsive substorm phenomena that become stronger and more probable with increasingly southward IMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172250
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