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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of surface cleaning and X-ray irradiation in XPS study of polymers (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 1451-1458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: We have examined effects of surface cleaning and X-ray irradiation in XPS study of polymers. Contamination-free surfaces of polymer samples for XPS study were successfully prepared by ultrasonic washing in organic solvents. Polymers were revealed to have lower surface chemical activity than metal and semiconductor crystals. The degradation behavior of polymers induced by X-ray irradiation was found to be different from thermal degradation processes. Polymers like PET, polyimide, and PAN have high stability against X-ray irradiation in XPS measurement. On the other hand, we must take degradation into consideration in XPS measurement for polymers such as PTFE and nylon because of their low stability against X-ray irradiation. For an extremely X-ray-sensitive polymer like nitrocellulose, a quantitative XPS study cannot be carried out.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410708
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Radical-induced ionic polymerization in the presence of maleic anhydride. I. Mechanism of polymerization of maleic anhydride by radical initiators (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3633-3651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Three kinds of trapped radicals are observed in poly(maleic anhydride) (Poly-MAH) which were prepared by the use of radical initiators such as AIBN or BPO. It was found that these radicals were transformed to the active species so as to initiate the cationic polymerization. The structure of these radicals was studied by the ESR and the kinetic analysis of MAH polymerization in the presence of various additives.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070181211
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Radical-induced ionic polymerization in the presence of maleic anhydride. II. Cationic polymerization of 1,2-butylene oxide by benzoyl peroxide and α,α′-azobisisobutyronitrile in the presence of maleic anhydride (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3653-3660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The cationic polymerization of 1,2-butylene oxide initiated by radical catalysts has been investigated in detail in the presence of maleic anhydride. The active species of this ionic polymerization was thought to be a conjugated radical of poly(maleic anhydride).
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070181212
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Radical-induced ionic polymerization in the presence of maleic anhydride. III. Polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether initiated by trapped radicals in poly(maleic anhydride) (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 3661-3670 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: In a previous paper1 it was mentioned that trapped radicals in poly(maleic anhydride) (Poly-MAH) have the ability to initiate cationic polymerization. In this paper, the cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) is described using Poly-MAH as the initiator. These radicals show different behavior during polymerization depending upon their structure. In particular, large conjugated radicals initiate ionic polymerizations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070181213
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ESCA Analysis of Photodegraded Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Film Utilizing Gas Chemical Modification (1996)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 24 (1996), S. 711-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The degradation of the surface composition of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film by ultraviolet light was analysed by ESCA combined with gas chemical modification (GCM) techniques. A new approach for distinguishing phenolic hydroxyl and alcoholic hydroxyl groups was presented, which uses the difference in reactivity of trifluoroacetic anhydride to the phenolic group and to the alcoholic group. The carboxyl group was detected with trifluoroethanol. The ESCA-GCM results showed differences of the chemical composition of the light-facing side and the back side of the PET film. According to photodegradation mechanisms of PET reported by other researchers, carboxyl group formation suggested cleavage of the main chain of PET. The number of the phenolic carbon on the light-facing side corresponded to the existence of 16 phenolic groups per 100 monomeric units.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Radical and anionic homopolymerization of maleimide and N-n-butylmaleimide (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 5 (1967), S. 1619-1633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The rate of homopolymerization of maleimide has been measured in dimethylformamide solution at 60°C. in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile; it has been compared to that of N-n-butylmaleimide. The overall rates of polymerization are equal to Rp = k[M]1.1-1.2 [In]0.8 for maleimide, and Rp = k'[M] [In]0.5 for the N-substituted imide. The difference of behavior has been interpreted on the basis of an intramolecular tautomery of the terminal group of the maleimide growing chain and the formation of a resonance-stabilized succinimidyl radical. The relative ease of polymerization of these monomers and of maleic anhydride has been discussed. In the presence of sodium tert-butoxide at 20°C. in dimethylformamide solutions, maleimide polymerizes with hydrogen isomerization. The percentage of N-substituted isomerized units was evaluated at 70-75% by measurement of the rate of hydrolysis in 0.005N sodium hydroxide and comparison with succinimide and N-butylsuccinimide. N-n-butylmaleimide undergoes ring opening together with anionic polymerization in the presence of sodium tert-butoxide at 20°C. and butyllithium at -40°C. Unlike the radical-initiated polymerization, it was impossible to obtain anionic copolymers of maleimide and N-butylmaleimide with acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.150050712
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