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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rough tingleOcenebra erinacea (Neogastropoda: muricidae): An exhibitor of imposex in comparison toNucella lapillus (1992)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 46 (1992), S. 311-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The muricid gastropodOcenebra erinacea exhibits imposex (occurrence of male parts in addition to the female genital duct), a phenomenon which is caused by tributyltin (TBT)-compounds leached from ships’ antifouling paints. Five stages of imposex development (1–5) with two different types at stage 1 can be distinguished and are documented with SEM-photographs for the first time. Four additional alterations of the genital tract are shown. Close to harbours and marinas,O. erinacea females exhibit malformations of the pallial oviduct, which seem to inhibit copulation and capsule formation resulting in sterilization. The TBT accumulation in the whole body and the accumulation pattern in single tissues are described; contrary to other prosobranchs no sexrelated differences were found. The VDS, uncubed RPS and average female penis length of a population were analysed regarding their quality as parameters for TBT biomonitoring. On the background of the ecology of this species the VDS is chosen as the best index. Only in highly polluted areas should the uncubed RPS be used as a secondary parameter. A statistical study, based on the analysis of natural populations ofNucella lapillus andO. erinacea, allows a comparison of the specific TBT sensitivity of the two bioindicators. Dogwhelks exhibit a greater TBT sensitivity, namely at slightly polluted sites, nevertheless even here rough tingles develop obvious imposex characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02367102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of tributyltin (TBT) and testosterone on the female genital system in the mesogastropodLittorina littorea (Prosobranchia) (1996)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 50 (1996), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed with the mesogastropodLittorina littorea on Helgoland, in Roscoff, and in the laboratory in order to evaluate the reaction of the female genital system to TBT, an environmental toxicant. The snails were either injected with 50 or 100 ng tributyltin (TBT) soluted in ethanol or exposed to artificial sea water treated with 5, 50, 100, and 200 ng TBT/l, and 33 ng testosterone/l. The duration of the experiments was either four or eight weeks. None of the analysed femaleL. littorea showed signs of imposex. Compared to results for the control groups, the size of the female glandular complex was significantly reduced if the pre-experimental toxication was already high, as is the case in snails collected around Helgoland. TBT-related gland complex reduction occurs also in femaleL. littorea from other sampling sites. In addition, injection of ethanol also causes a decrease in gland size. The experimental results demonstrate that the distal female genital system responds with significantly lower sensitivity to TBT than that of other prosobranchs. This behaviour is ascribed to the lack of an androgen receptor at the ovipositor. The results further strengthen the case of the extreme rarity of imposex described for femaleL. littorea in natural habitats. However, strong TBT-toxication may affectL. littorea populations significantly because of increasing masculinization of the females, which reduces reproduction ability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02367139
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular effects of tributyltin (TBT) on the penis epithelium cells of prosobranchs (Hinia reticulata andOcinebrina aciculata) (1996)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 50 (1996), S. 319-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytopathological effects on organelles of penis epithelium cells were investigated in prosobranchs that had been exposed for two weeks to three months to high TBT-concentrations in artificial seawater. TBT exposure damaged cell organelles, such as mitochondria, Golgi dictyosomes, endoplasmatic reticulum, and injured the cell membranes. In addition, atypical intercellular spaces were observed between the cells of the epithelial layer. Further cell alterations included the increase of residual bodies within the cells as well as structural changes of the basal lamina. The ultrastructural changes were compared with cell alterations of specimens which had been collected in a polluted environment on the coast of Brittany (France).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02367106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elektronenmikroskopischer Nachweis neurosekretorischer Elementargrana im Processus infundibularis von Hühnerembryonen (1968)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 55 (1968), S. 497-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00599727
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The morphological expression of imposex in Hinia reticulata (Gastropoda: Buccinidae): a potential indicator of tributultin pollution (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 113 (1992), S. 625-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Specimens from the prosobranch Hinia reticulata collected along the coast of Brittany and Normandy from 1988 to 1991 exhibited imposex (occurrence of male parts in addition to the female genital duct) in response to tributyltin (TBT) pollution. Four stages of imposex development (1 to 4) with two different types in the Stages 1, 3 and 4 could be distinguished and have been documented with scanning electron micrographs for the first time. Furthermore, three additional alterations of the genital tract are shown. Neither TBT-induced sterilization nor sex change occurred. TBT accumulation in whole body and selected tissues is described and sex-related differences are shown. The VDS (vas deferens sequence) index, cubed and uncubed RPS (relative penis size) index and average female penis length of a population were analysed with regard to their quality as indices for TBT biomonitoring. Based on the way imposex develops in this species the VDS is recommended as the most valid index. Only in highly polluted areas should the uncubed RPS be used as a second index.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349706
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imposex and reproductive failure in Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) (1997)
    Springer
    Marine biology 128 (1997), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrobia ulvae specimens collected from 16 stations along the German North Sea and Baltic coasts exhibited imposex (occurrence of male parts in addition to the female genital system). For the purposes of comparison, a description of both the male and unaffected female genital systems is presented. Four different imposex stages with two types of development were identified and documented with scanning electron micrographs for the first time. The percentage of imposex-affected females (an average over all the localities sampled) was about 44.3%, and 12.9% were definitively sterilized. The phenomenon of sex change was not observed. The vas deferens sequence index, imposex incidence, percentage of sterilized females and the average female penis length are recommended as biological effect monitoring parameters in response to tributyltin pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050090
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hinia reticulata and Nucella lapillus. Comparison of two gastropod tributyltin bioindicators (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 114 (1992), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hinia reticulata and Nucella lapillus (collected from 1989 to 1991 at Pointe de Pléneuf and Méan Mélen, France, respectively) exhibit imposex in response to tributyltin (TBT) pollution leached from antifouling paints and proved to be good TBT bioindicators. H. reticulata was kept for 18 mo under TBT-free conditions in the laboratory, but no evidence for imposex remission was found. A second series of experiments showed that food chain uptake of TBT from a contaminated diet is an important mode of TBT exposure in H. reticulata. Comparative tank experiments with H. reticulata and N. lapillus demonstrated that the same type of TBT exposure resulted in comparable TBT body burdens, biological concentration factors, and imposex development in both species [measured as increase of VDS (vas deferens sequence index), uncubed RPS (relative penis size index) and average female penis length]. Differences in imposex development of natural and laboratory populations are discussed against the background of different types of TBT contamination of their food. A statistical study, based on an analysis of natural populations of both prosobranch species, makes a comparison of the specific TBT sensitivity of the two bioindicators possible. As a consequence it is proposed that TBT biomonitoring programs in Europe should use both prosobranchs as indicator species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349532
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of the yolk nucleus during early cleavage of Nassarius reticulatus L. (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Yolk nuclei ; Nassarius reticulatus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dotterkerne kommen in allen Blastomeren des 4- bis 16-Zellstadiums von Nassarius vor. Sie haben überwiegend kugelige Gestalt und liegen kernnah zwischen Kern und apikalem Plasmalemm. Feinstrukturell sind sie erstaunlicherweise nicht einheitlich aufgebaut, sondern treten in zwei Typen auf: Typ I besteht aus einer relativ kompakt erscheinenden kugeligen Ansammlung von Mitochondrien. Die Mitochondrien liegen in einer dichten, teils granulären, teils fibrillären intermitochondrialen Substanz eingebettet. Typ II besteht aus einer ebenfalls kugeligen Ansammlung vieler kleiner radiär angeordneter Golgi-Stapel, welche in der gleichen dichten, teils granulären, teils fibrillären Substanz liegen wie die Mitochondrien von Typ I. Die Funktion beider Typen von Dotterkernen wird diskutiert. Sicherlich haben sie nichts mehr mit der Dottersynthese zu tun wie möglicherweise die Dotterkerne der Oocyten, doch gibt es bisher auch keine Anzeichen dafür, daß sie bevorzugt am Dotter- oder Lipidabbau beteiligt sind.
    Notes: Summary In all blastomeres of Nassarius from 4- to 16-cell stage yolk nuclei occur. Most of them are spherical bodies, lying juxtanuclearly between the nucleus and the apical plasmalemma. Strangely they are not ultrastructurally uniform but fall into two categories (Fig. 5): Type I is a massive spherical accumulation of mitochondria embedded in a dense intermitochondrial substance, which appears to contain both granules and filaments. Type II is a ball of radially arranged small Golgi stacks clustered around a centre of Golgi vesicles and other organelles embedded in a ground cytoplasm structurally similar to the intermitochondrial substance of type I. The function of both types of yolk nuclei is unknown. These segmentation yolk nuclei have nothing to do with yolk synthesis any more. On the other hand there are no indications that yolk nuclei occurrence is correlated with the break-down of yolk because neither lipid droplets nor protein yolk granules are observed in or beside the yolk nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225447
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell differentiation during early development of Nassarius reticulatus L. (Gastropoda, prosobranchia) (1976)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 361-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleolar differentiation ; Nassarius reticulatus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Nassarius reticulatus the nuclei and nucleoli undergo important morphological changes from the zygote to the 16-cell stage. In the zygote and in the trefoil (2-cell) and 4-cell stage, several agranular, fibrillar nucleolus-like bodies 1 μm diameter are present in the interphase nucleus. Granular nucleoli first appear at the 8-cell stage. These nucleoli have fibrillar and granular regions. The granular regions are made up predominantly of ribosome-like osmiophilic granules. From the 16 and 32-cell stage onwards, the one or two spherical nucleoli of each nucleus measure 2.5 μm in diameter and show a concentric organization with a very dense central region surrounded by a broad peripheral zone containing numerous granules, possibly of ribonucleoprotein. At the same time the number of ribosome-like particles increase in the karyoplasm and that of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. These findings are surprising because in eggs with radial cleavage, which have been subjected to more detailed analysis, the first granular nucleoli appear after the end of the cleavage, at the blastula or gastrula stage. The early appearance of granular nucleoli which seem to be characteristic of several eggs with spiral cleavage is discussed in connection with biochemical data on RNA-synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215313
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tributyltin biomonitoring using prosobranchs as sentinel organisms (1996)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 354 (1996), S. 540-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tributyltin (TBT) compounds, some of the most toxic xenobiotics, produce a variety of pathological reactions in animals. A reliable biomonitoring method to assess the degree of environmental TBT pollution has been described based on investigations of virilization phenomena in prosobranch snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Examples are the imposex phenomenon in marine and freshwater species, the intersex reaction in littorinids and the reduction of female sexual glands and offspring numbers in further species resulting mainly in a sterilization of females. The degree of imposex or intersex in populations is determined by different biomonitoring indices which allow to assess the TBT pollution of the environment at low costs with high precision. The effectiveness of TBT legislations is analysed by extensive surveys in France and Ireland indicating that there is still a continuing threat to sensitive marine organisms. TBT disturbs the biosynthesis of steroid hormones on the level of estrogen biosynthesis. The observed virilization phenomena seem due to an inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 dependent aromatase by this organotin compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0021663540540
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