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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Children's Snack Food Consumption Patterns in Germany and England (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    British food journal 96 (1994), S. 10-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Primary schoolchildren's snack food consumption patterns and foodpreferences were investigated by interview technique in schools inGermany and England and analysed on the basis of culture, sex and socialclass. There were significant differences in the proportions ofchildren who took chocolate to school in the various social classes inboth England and Germany and there were also highly significantdifferences in the total number of chocolate bars consumed each week bythe different social classes in both countries. Food choices from atable display containing a range of snack foods popular in bothcountries showed highly significant differences between German andEnglish children with German children preferring a much higherproportion of "healthy food options", e.g. fruit, yogurt,milchschnitte (sponge cake snack), etc. compared with English childrenwho chose four chocolate products out of their five most preferreditems. Reasons for such differences could be related to advertisingpressures, nutrition education experience, parental attitudes,convenience and availability, income constraints and psychologicalfactors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070709410072517
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    MOSES: A Novel Observation System to Monitor Dynamic Events Across Earth Compartments (2022)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-24
    Description: MOSES (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) is a novel observation system that is specifically designed to unravel the impact of distinct, dynamic events on the long-term development of environmental systems. Hydro-meteorological extremes such as the recent European droughts or the floods of 2013 caused severe and lasting environmental damage. Modelling studies suggest that abrupt permafrost thaw events accelerate Arctic greenhouse gas emissions. Short-lived ocean eddies seem to comprise a significant share of the marine carbon uptake or release. Although there is increasing evidence that such dynamic events bear the potential for major environmental impacts, our knowledge on the processes they trigger is still very limited. MOSES aims at capturing such events, from their formation to their end, with high spatial and temporal resolution. As such, the observation system extends and complements existing national and international observation networks, which are mostly designed for long-term monitoring. Several German Helmholtz Association centers have developed this research facility as a mobile and modular “system of systems” to record energy, water, greenhouse gas and nutrient cycles on the land surface, in coastal regions, in the ocean, in polar regions, and in the atmosphere – but especially the interactions between the Earth compartments. During the implementation period (2017-2021), the measuring systems were put into operation and test campaigns were performed to establish event-driven campaign routines. With MOSES’ regular operation starting in 2022, the observation system will then be ready for cross-compartment and cross-discipline research on the environmental impacts of dynamic events.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 3
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    Biological and physical controls on N2, O2 and CO2 distributions in contrasting Southern Ocean surface waters (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-17
    Description: We present measurements of p CO 2 , O 2 concentration, biological oxygen saturation (ΔO 2 /Ar) and N 2 saturation (ΔN 2 ) in Southern Ocean surface waters during austral summer, 2010–2011. Phytoplankton biomass varied strongly across distinct hydrographic zones, with high chlorophyll a (Chla) concentrations in regions of frontal mixing and sea-ice melt. p CO 2 and ΔO 2 /Ar exhibited large spatial gradients (range 90 to 450 µatm and −10 to 60%, respectively) and co-varied strongly with Chla. However, the ratio of biological O 2 accumulation to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) drawdown was significantly lower than expected from photosynthetic stoichiometry, reflecting the differential time-scales of O 2 and CO 2 air-sea equilibration. We measured significant oceanic CO 2 uptake, with a mean air-sea flux (~ −10 mmol m −2 d −1 ) that significantly exceeded regional climatological values. N 2 was mostly supersaturated in surface waters (mean ΔN 2 of +2.5 %), while physical processes resulted in both supersaturation and undersaturation of mixed layer O 2 (mean ΔO 2phys = 2.1 %). Box model calculations were able to reproduce much of the spatial variability of ΔN 2 and ΔO 2phys along the cruise track, demonstrating significant effects of air-sea exchange processes ( e . g . atmospheric pressure changes and bubble injection) and mixed layer entrainment on surface gas disequilibria. Net community production (NCP) derived from entrainment-corrected surface ΔO 2 /Ar data, ranged from ~ −40 to 〉 300 mmol O 2 m −2 d −1 and showed good coherence with independent NCP estimates based on seasonal mixed layer DIC deficits. Elevated NCP was observed in hydrographic frontal zones and stratified regions of sea-ice melt, reflecting physical controls on surface water light fields and nutrient availability.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Ventilation of the equatorial Atlantic by the equatorial deep jets (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-12
    Description: Equatorial deep jets (EDJs) are a prominent flow feature of the equatorial Atlantic below the Equatorial Undercurrent down to about 3000 m. Here we analyze long-term moored velocity and oxygen observations, as well as shipboard hydrographic and current sections acquired along 23°W and covering the depth range of the oxygen minimum zones of the eastern tropical North and South Atlantic. The moored zonal velocity data show high-baroclinic mode EDJ oscillations at a period of about 4.5 years. Equatorial oxygen observations which do not resolve or cover a full 4.5-yr EDJ cycle nevertheless reveal large variability, with oxygen concentrations locally spanning a range of more than 60 μmol kg−1. We study the effect of EDJs on the equatorial oxygen concentration by forcing an advection-diffusion model with the velocity field of the gravest equatorial basin mode corresponding to the observed EDJ cycle. The advection-diffusion model includes an oxygen source at the western boundary and oxygen consumption elsewhere. The model produces a 4.5-yr cycle of the oxygen concentration and a temporal phase difference between oxygen concentration and eastward velocity that is less than quadrature, implying a net eastward oxygen flux. The comparison of available observations and basin-mode simulations indicates that a substantial part of the observed oxygen variability at the equator can be explained by EDJ oscillations. The respective role of mean advection, EDJs, and other possible processes in shaping the mean oxygen distribution of the equatorial Atlantic at intermediate depth is discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Expansion of oxygen minimum zones may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: Expansion of oxygen minimum zones may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes Nature Climate Change 2, 33 04122011 doi: 10.1038/nclimate1304 Lothar Stramma Eric D. Prince Sunke Schmidtko Jiangang Luo John P. Hoolihan Martin Visbeck Douglas W. R. Wallace Peter Brandt Arne Körtzinger One of the impacts of ocean warming is a decrease in dissolved oxygen, with implications for valuable pelagic fish species. A study shows that the oxygenated upper ocean layer in the tropical northeast Atlantic thinned at a rate of around one metre per year between 1960 and 2010, and, by tracking individually tagged fish, demonstrates that this contraction in the oxygenated layer limited the movement of blue marlin.
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    N2O emissions from the northern Benguela upwelling system (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The Benguela Upwelling system (BUS) is the most productive of all eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems and it hosts a well‐developed oxygen minimum zone. As such, the BUS is a potential hotspot for production of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas derived from microbially‐driven decay of sinking organic matter. Yet, the extent at which near‐surface waters emit N2O to the atmosphere in the BUS is highly uncertain. Here we present the first high‐resolution surface measurements of N2O across the northern part of the BUS (nBUS). We found strong gradients with a three‐fold increase in N2O concentrations near the coast as compared with open ocean waters. Our observations show enhanced sea‐to‐air fluxes of N2O (up to 1.67 nmol m−2 s−1) in association with local upwelling cells. Based on our data we suggest that the nBUS can account for 13% of the total coastal upwelling source of N2O to the atmosphere.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Food availability outweighs ocean acidification effects in juvenile Mytilus edulis: laboratory and field experiments (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-04
    Description: Ocean acidification is expected to decrease calcification rates of bivalves. Nevertheless in many coastal areas high p CO 2 variability is encountered already today. Kiel Fjord (Western Baltic Sea) is a brackish (12-20 g kg -1 ) and CO 2 enriched habitat, but the blue mussel Mytilus edulis dominates the benthic community. In a coupled field and laboratory study we examined the annual p CO 2 variability in this habitat and the combined effects of elevated p CO 2 and food availability on juvenile M. edulis growth and calcification. In the laboratory experiment, mussel growth and calcification were found to chiefly depend on food supply, with only minor impacts of p CO 2 up to 3350 μatm. Kiel Fjord was characterized by strong seasonal p CO 2 variability. During summer, maximal p CO 2 values of 2500 μatm were observed at the surface and 〉3000 μatm at the bottom. However, the field growth experiment revealed seven times higher growth and calcification rates of M. edulis at a high p CO 2 inner fjord field station (mean p CO 2 ca. 1000 μatm) in comparison to a low p CO 2 outer fjord station (ca. 600 μatm). In addition, mussels were able to outcompete the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus at the high p CO 2 site. High mussel productivity at the inner fjord site was enabled by higher particulate organic carbon concentrations. Kiel Fjord is highly impacted by eutrophication, which causes bottom water hypoxia and consequently high seawater p CO 2 . At the same time, elevated nutrient concentrations increase the energy availability for filter feeding organisms such as mussels. Thus M. edulis can dominate over a seemingly more acidification resistant species such as A. improvisus . We conclude that benthic stages of M. edulis tolerate high ambient p CO 2 when food supply is abundant and that important habitat characteristics such as species interactions and energy availability need to be considered to predict species vulnerability to ocean acidification. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Ventilation of the equatorial Atlantic by the equatorial deep jets (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-04
    Description: [1]  Equatorial deep jets (EDJs) are a prominent flow feature of the equatorial Atlantic below the Equatorial Undercurrent down to about 3000 m. Here we analyze long-term moored velocity and oxygen observations, as well as shipboard hydrographic and current sections acquired along 23°W and covering the depth range of the oxygen minimum zones of the eastern tropical North and South Atlantic. The moored zonal velocity data show high-baroclinic mode EDJ oscillations at a period of about 4.5 years. Equatorial oxygen observations which do not resolve or cover a full 4.5-yr EDJ cycle nevertheless reveal large variability, with oxygen concentrations locally spanning a range of more than 60 μ mol kg −1 . We study the effect of EDJs on the equatorial oxygen concentration by forcing an advection-diffusion model with the velocity field of the gravest equatorial basin mode corresponding to the observed EDJ cycle. The advection-diffusion model includes an oxygen source at the western boundary and oxygen consumption elsewhere. The model produces a 4.5-yr cycle of the oxygen concentration and a temporal phase difference between oxygen concentration and eastward velocity that is less than quadrature, implying a net eastward oxygen flux. The comparison of available observations and basin-mode simulations indicates that a substantial part of the observed oxygen variability at the equator can be explained by EDJ oscillations. The respective role of mean advection, EDJs, and other possible processes in shaping the mean oxygen distribution of the equatorial Atlantic at intermediate depth is discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Total alkalinity: The explicit conservative expression and its application to biogeochemical processes (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0304-4203
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7581
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: measurement and internal consistency of underway TCO2 concentrations (1999)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0304-4203
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-7581
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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