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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5024, doi:10.1038/srep05024.
    Description: Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Antarctic ecosystems are no exception. Investigating past species responses to climatic events can distinguish natural from anthropogenic impacts. Climate change produces ‘winners’, species that benefit from these events and ‘losers’, species that decline or become extinct. Using molecular techniques, we assess the demographic history and population structure of Pygoscelis penguins in the Scotia Arc related to climate warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). All three pygoscelid penguins responded positively to post-LGM warming by expanding from glacial refugia, with those breeding at higher latitudes expanding most. Northern (Pygoscelis papua papua) and Southern (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) gentoo sub-species likely diverged during the LGM. Comparing historical responses with the literature on current trends, we see Southern gentoo penguins are responding to current warming as they did during post-LGM warming, expanding their range southwards. Conversely, Adélie and chinstrap penguins are experiencing a ‘reversal of fortunes’ as they are now declining in the Antarctic Peninsula, the opposite of their response to post-LGM warming. This suggests current climate warming has decoupled historic population responses in the Antarctic Peninsula, favoring generalist gentoo penguins as climate change ‘winners’, while Adélie and chinstrap penguins have become climate change ‘losers’.
    Description: We thank the Zoological Society of London, Quark Expeditions, Exodus Travels ltd., Oceanites, the Holly Hill Charitable Trust, the Charities Advisory Trust and an U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs grant (ANT-0739575) for funding.
    Keywords: Climate-change ecology ; Molecular ecology ; Molecular evolution ; Population genetics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 923-928 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic diversity ; Population genetics ; Bertholletia excelsa ; Brazil nut ; Isozyme analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We provide an estimate of genetic variation within and between two populations of Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut), a large canopy tree found in the rain forests of South America. Average heterozygosity is 0.190, and 54.3% of the sampled loci are polymorphic. The population structure deviates significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations for Fest2 and Pgm2 (F =0.405 and 0.443, respectively) in one population, and highly significantly (F=-0.341) for Gdh in the other population. Although allele frequencies of the two populations differ significantly for Aat2, Est5, Mdh1, and Mdh2B, Nei's coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) indicates that the between-population component (Dst) of genic diversity represents only 3.75% of the size of the within-population component (Hs). The implications of these findings in terms of conservation genetics are that much of the genetic diversity of this species may be preserved within one or a few populations. However, such populations must be very large because it appears that the large amount of genetic variation in Brazil nut populations is maintained by extensive gene flow and bonds of mating over a large area. The genetic architecture of Bertholletia excelsa is similar to that expected for an extensively diploidized paleopolyploid species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: في محاولة لتقييم تأثيرالاضطرابات التي يمكن ان تغير التركيبه الجينيه للمحار ببحيره بنزرت، اجريت تحاليل جينيه على عينات من ثلاثة مجموعات. و قد بينت النتائج تواجد علاقة متبادله بين فقدان التنوع ومستويات métallothionéines في خياشيم المحار التي يمكن ان تكون مرتبطة مع وجود تدرج الانسياب المحمل بالمعادن الثقيلة بين مناطق منزل جميل،فروة والشعرة.
    Description: Les perturbations d’origine naturelle et anthropique subies par la lagune de Bizerte peuvent modifier la structure génétique des populations de palourdes (Rudipates decussatus). Une analyse génétique a été réalisée au niveau de trois populations de palourdes des stations d’Echaara, de Menzel Jemil et de Faroua dans le but de déterminer l’impact environnemental sur ces populations. Elles ont été suivies en juin 2000 et en février 2001. Cela a permis de caractériser des marqueurs génétiques et protéiques spécifiques de ces facteurs. La structuration génétique de ces populations a été étudiée à l’aide de quatre marqueurs allozymiques ; la glucosephosphate isomérase (Gpi), la phosphoglucomutase (Pgm), la malate déshydrogénase (Mdh) et la leucine aminopeptidase (Lap). Les différents résultats obtenus ont montré une différenciation génétique inter-populationnelle pour les trois stations étudiées, et intra-populationnelle pour deux d’entre elles. Un déficit d’hétérozygotie ainsi qu’une perte de diversité allélique saisonnière ont été observés dans les trois populations. Il semblerait qu’il existe une corrélation positive entre la perte de diversité et les teneurs en métallothionéines dans les branchies des palourdes pour les trois populations considérées. Ceci pourrait être en relation avec l’existence d’un gradient de flux de métaux lourds entre Menzel Jemil, Faroua et Echaara. Les métaux lourds semblent constituer une force sélective majeure sur les palourdes de la lagune.
    Description: Bizerte Lagoon is subjected to natural and anthropic disturbances which can modify the genetic structure of clam populations (Rudipates decussatus). In an attempt to evaluate the impact of the environmental variations on populations, genetic analysis has been carried out on three clam populations sampled from Echaara, Menzel Jemil and Faroua sites between June 2000 and February 2001. This present study allowed genetic and protein markers to be specifically characterized. Four allozymic markers have been examined to reveal the genetic structure of these populations; glucosephosphate isomérase (Gpi), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm), malate déshydrogénase (Mdh), and leucine aminopeptidase (Lap). A significant genetic differentiation between the three populations of clams has been observed, as well as for every one of two populations between the sampling periods. This analysis also detected the existence of an heterozygote deficiency and a seasonal decrease of the allelic diversity for each of them. A positive correlation between the decrease of diversity and the metallothionein contents seems to be occurring for every population. These results suggests a possible relationship with the existence of heavy metals flow graduation between Menzel Jemil, Faroua et Echaara. Heavy metals seems to be a major selective strength among the lagoon clams.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Ruditapes decussatus ; Environmental impact ; Heavy metals ; Population genetics ; Toxicity ; Biomarkers of exposure (organisms) ; Clam culture ; Environmental effects ; Environmental impact ; Heavy metals ; Metallothioneins ; Population genetics ; Toxicity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Atherina boyeri de la Méditerranée est un complexe hautement polymorphe ayant un génotype capable d’une réponse phénotypique flexible. Elle peut rapidement adapter les traits de sa morphologie à des environnements allant des eaux douces aux eaux saumâtres côtières polyhalines et aux eaux océaniques. Les travaux de recherche réalisés, en Méditerranée, sur ce complexe ont permis de le scinder en trois espèces. Deux espèces marines (Atherina boyeri et Atherina punctata) et une espèce qui peuplent les lagunes et les côtes des îles Kerkennah (Atherina lagunae) (Trabelsi et al. 2009). Dans le présent travail l’analyse d’une portion du gène cytochrome b a été utilisée pour étudier les variations génétiques d’une population d’athérine, prélevée des côtes de l’île de Djerba, afin de situer cette population au sein du complexe Atherina boyeri. Nos analyses moléculaires ont montré que les athérines de l’île de Djerba tout comme celles des îles Kerkennah appartiennent à l’espèce Atherina lagunae. Toutes les analyses phylogénétiques ont montré que les athérines insulaires de l’île de Djerba constituent avec les athérines du lac de Tunis et celles des îles Kerkennah un clade qui est fortement supporté par les analyses statistiques. D’autre part, les séquences des athérines insulaires de l’île de Djerba et des îles Kerkennah montrent un taux élevé de divergence intrapopulationnel. Cependant les analyses d’une portion du gène cytochrome b des poissons du lac de Tunis présentent un faible taux d’hétérogenité. Ces résultats pourraient suggérer un modèle de métapopulation avec des structures core-sattelites dont les poissons insulaires représentent les cores; alors que ceux du lac de Tunis seraient une population satellite. L’ancêtre des atéhrines lagunaires pourrait être un poisson marin qui s’est adapté au milieu insulaire en premier lieu et qui a colonisé les lagunes en second lieu ou alors les poissons d’origine lagunaire ont fini par peupler les côtes insulaires. Cependant, le premier scénario pourrait être le plus plausible d'après l'hypothèse du model core- satellite, parce qu'il expliquerait la colonisation des milieux lagunaires avec une réduction de la diversité du gène.
    Description: يعتبر سمك الأترينا الذي يعيش في البحر الأبيض المتوسط من الأسماك التي لها قدرة فائقة على التأقلم في العيش في جميع أنواع المياه. أكدت الدراسات الأخيرة أن سمك الأترينا ينقسم إلي 3 فصائل: * فصيلتان تعيشان في البحار. Atherina punctata et Atherina boyeri * فصيلة ثالثة تعيش في البحيرات و على ضفاف جزر قرقنة Atherina lagunae . الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو معرفة إنتماء سمك الأترينا المتواجد بجزيرة جربة إلى أي فصيلة من الفصائل التي وقع ذكرها سابقا. أظهرت دراسة الخاصيات الجينية لقطعة من جين Cyt b إنتمائها إلى الفصيلة الثالثة Atherina lagunae مثلها مثل أسماك جزر قرقنة. كما أكدت الدراسة الفيلوجينية إنتماء أسماك بحيرة تونس و جزر قرقنة و جزيرة جربة إلى نفس المجموعة الجينية مما يمكننا من تصنيف هذه الأسماك ضمن core satellite Metapopulation.
    Description: The Mediterranean Atherina boyeri species complex has been recently divided into three species, two living in marine environments (A. boyeri and A. punctata) and one found in lagoons and in shallow coasts of the Tunisian Kerkennah islands (A. lagunae) (Trabelsi et al. 2009). Genetic variation in a portion of the cytochrome b gene was examined for two populations belonging to the A. boyeri complex which have been caught in shallow waters of another Tunisian southern Island (Djerba). Similarly to the Kerkennah fish, molecular studies have shown that fish from Djerba, inspite of their marine habitat, belong to the A. lagunae species. All the phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences of the Djerba insular fish constitute with the lagoon Atherina of the Lake of Tunis and Kerkennah insular fish a clade which is strongly statistically supported. In addition, within this clade, the both sequences from fish caught Djerba and Kerkennah coasts exhibit a great level of intrapopulational divergence between them. Whereas, analysis of partial cytochrome b gene of fish from the Lake of Tunis suggests a very low level of sequence heterogeneity. These results could suggest a metapopulation pattern with core-satellite structure in which cores are insular populations; whereas population of Lake of Tunis would be an example of satellite population. The ancestors of the A. lagunae can considered marine fish adaptated in a first step to shallow waters of the island coasts and in a second step, they have colonized lagoons; or some lagoon fish could have migrated and lived on similar habitats such as island coasts. However, according to the core-satellite hypothesis, the first scenario could be the most realistic according to the fish colonization of lagoon habitats with reduction of its gene diversity.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Atherinidae ; Atherina boyeri ; Atherina ; Teleostei ; Genetic diversity ; Population genetics ; Subpopulations ; Phylogenetics ; Coastal lagoons
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed , Article
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; Human evolution ; Population genetics ; Molecular anthropology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 3065 humans from 62 geographic samples identified 149 haplotypes and 81 polymorphic sites. These data were used to test several aspects of the evolutionary past of the human species. A dendrogram depicting the genetic relatedness of all haplotypes shows that the native African populations have the greatest diversity and, consistent with evidence from a variety of sources, suggests an African origin for our species. The data also indicate that two individuals drawn, at random from the entire sample will differ at approximately 0.4% of their mtDNA nucleotide sites, which is somewhat higher than previous estimates. Human mtDNA also exhibits more interpopulation heterogeneity (GST=0.351±0.025) than does nuclear DNA (GST=0.12). Moreover, the virtual absence of intermediate levels of linkage disequilibrium between pairs of sites is consistent with the absence of genetic recombination and places constraints on the rate of mutation. Tests of the selective neutrality of mtDNA variation, including the Ewens-Watterson and Tajima tests, indicate a departure in the direction consistent with purifying selection, but this departure is more likely due to the rapid growth of the human population and the geographic heterogeneity of the variation. The lack of a good fit to neutrality poses problems for the estimation of times of coalescence from human mtDNA data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: RFLPs ; Genetic diversity ; Population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity in the oak wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fagacearum was assessed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and anonymous RFLP loci in the nuclear DNA (nuDNA). No genetic variation was detected in the mtDNA among 27 isolates sampled from a broad geographical area. Southern hybridization to 100 anonymous, random, nuDNA probes detected a low level of variation among nine of the isolates. Only 35 out of 437 probe-enzyme combinations detected RFLPs. Most of the RFLPs appeared to result from insertions and deletions of less than 200 bp. A composite multilocus haplotype based on hybridization to six anonymous probes could differentiate each of the nine isolates tested, suggesting that these probes may be useful for further studies of the population biology and epidemiology of this pathogen. Hypotheses are presented to account for the low level of genetic variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 631-636 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Experimental design ; Locus ; Population genetics ; Quantitative genetics ; Statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experimental designs for measuring the effects of single loci on quantitative traits are compared for statistical properties. The designs tested are single population, combined strains, multiple strains, diallel of strains, and co-isogenic strains. Testing was done by simulating population genotypic and phenotypic arrays. Statistical properties measured are type I error, power, bias and efficiency. The relative ranking of designs is consistent for all properties and over eight conditions examined. The co-isogenic design is superior, followed closely by the single population method. The other three designs are similar in ability, with the diallel design somewhat superior. Based on its good statistical performance and wide feasibility, the single population method is recommended. The diallel method provides the most information on genetic components of variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1985), S. 625-629 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Esterase 6 ; Mating behavior ; Population genetics ; Quantitative genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A modified diallel cross is used to estimate effects of alleles at the esterase 6 locus, relative to strain and environmental variance, in Drosophila melanogaster. Three strains homozygous for Est 6 s and three homozygous for Est 6 F were crossed in all 36 combinations. Male progeny were scored for mating speed, copula duration and esterase 6 enzyme activity, and all progeny for developmental time. These alleles show a significant additive effect on mating speed, but not on the other traits. Copula duration, developmental time and enzyme activity show additive strain genetic variance. Enzyme activity and developmental time also have maternal or X-chromosome strain variance, and these two traits are significantly correlated. This modified diallel method is generally useful because it permits the partition of trait variance into additive and dominant locus, background genetic and environmental components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human evolution 7 (1992), S. 47-61 
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Population genetics ; Phylogeny ; human history ; isolation by distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular biologists and some population geneticists have recently claimed to be able to reconstruct modern human populations remote history by means of phylogenetic trees. Many objections to this method are discussed in the present paper. The most important are 1) Inter-populations migrations are likely to have been important, even in the remote past. So the “treeness” of this evolution is disputable. 2) There is no reason to believe that actual molecular phylogenies would be convergent between different molecules and would therefore represent populations history. The various kind of genetic data, their relations to other data and the limits of their possible use in the analysis of our past are then discussed, together with the ideological background of the most common theories and of their publication. It is very likely that the history of different populations was heterogeneous. Small and isolated hunter-gatherers frequently evolving close to a phylogenetic model, while dense and increasing populations, since the Neolithic, were closer to a dynamic network model, structured by isolation by distance. In any case, our present knowledge is obviously insufficient to reconstruct our genetic past, especially on the long term, and we can only hope that the development of the HUGO Genome Diversity project is going to yield the significant information presently lacking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Short tandem repeat loci ; Forensics ; Gene diversity ; Population genetics ; Genetic distance ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To study the level of intra- and inter-population variation at hypervariable DNA loci, we have characterized 15 human populations of diverse ethnic and geographic origins at six short tandem repeat loci by using the polymerase chain reaction. Even though the spectrum of allelic variation is quite broad and there are substantial differences in allele frequency distributions among populations, in general, populations within a major racial group show a greater degree of similarity. This observation is reflected in the analysis of gene diversity. When the total diversity is apportioned, the maximum variation becomes attributable to inter-individual differences within a population; of the variation that is attributable to differences between populations within a racial group and differences between racial groups, the former is smaller than the latter. Separate analysis of gene diversity for each of the major population groups based on geographic and ethnic relationship shows that the total gene diversity is higher for the larger racial groups, namely, African, Caucasian and Mongoloid, than the American Indians and the Pacific Islanders. As expected, a reciprocal relationship between gene diversity and FST levels is observed. Higher values of FST in the American Indian and the Pacific Islanders may reflect smaller population size and a higher level of isolation. An analysis of genetic distance encompassing the populations belonging to the three major racial groups recognizes three distinct clusters - all the populations of African affiliation cluster together, as do the Caucasian affiliated and the Mongoloid groups, in two distinct clusters. Interestingly, three broadly classified cosmopolitan US populations, namely, US White, US Black and US Asian, cluster with their ancestrally related populations. This study dispels some of the concerns regarding the applicability of DNA typing data for forensic use.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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