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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    The properties of diamond (1979)
    London [u.a.] : Academic Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: 12292
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 674 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 0122553500
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of Some Antioxidants in Vulcanized Rubber Stocks (1955)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 27 (1955), S. 100-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60097a029
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of liquid jets to simulate angled drop impact (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 7111-7118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The liquid jet impact technique has been used extensively for the quantitative study of rain impact. Most of this work has been for normal impact. Although some angled impact studies have been pursued using jets, these have been purely of a qualitative nature. This paper develops the theory of angled drop impact. This allows the establishment of a method of correlating between angled drop and jet impact and obtaining "equivalent drop'' curves for jet impact. The correlation is also applied to normal impact. For normal impact it is shown that the previously published equivalent drop curves need to be modified especially at low velocities. The results for both normal and angled impact are discussed with reference to the details of the jet profile, and it is shown that angled jets may be considered as having an average equivalent drop size. The theory of angled impact also explains the shape of damage marks produced by impact and why the amount of damage decreases so rapidly with increasing angle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349793
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The initiation of fine grain pentaerythritol tetranitrate by laser-driven flyer plates (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Charges of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were impacted by laser-driven flyer plates launched from substrate backed aluminum films. The flyers were produced by single pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The aluminum flyers were between 3 and 5 μm thick, had diameters of 1 mm, and achieved velocities up to 8 km s−1. The stresses were intense but of only nanosecond duration. This falls into an interesting regime since the shock thickness of a few microns is of the order of typical hot-spot sizes and less than the grain size of conventional explosive powders. Ultrafine PETN (∼1 μm grain size) was readily initiated, whereas conventional, 135 sieve PETN with a grain size of 106 μm was not, although limited reaction was observed in some cases. Environmental scanning electron microscopy was carried out to help elucidate the differences in behavior. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373625
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous detonation velocities following type II deflagration-to-detonation transitions in pentaerythritol tetranitrate (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 4995-5001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The detonation velocity following type II deflagration-to-detonation transitions (DDT) has been observed to be markedly different to that which would be expected were the charges directly initiated. In charges of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) velocities as high as 5.6 mm μs−1 have been observed compared to 3.7 mm μs−1 which is both predicted and measured for the charge were it to be directly initiated. Experiments have also been carried out that attempt to measure the temperature within columns of PETN prior to a type II DDT event. Other experiments and hydrocode simulations have been carried out that attempt to isolate the possible causes of the anomalous detonation velocity and as a result determine what the critical factors that determine the velocity are. These studies have led to a greater understanding not only of the reasons behind the change in detonation velocity, but also of the stages that occur in the build up to type II DDT. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1462415
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new mechanism for deflagration-to-detonation in porous granular explosives (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 1749-1753 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An investigation has been carried out into the differences between the deflagration-to-detonation (DDT) process as it occurs in low density [∼30% theoretical maximum density (TMD)] columns of conventional grain size (∼180 μm) pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and in ultrafine PETN with a grain size ∼1 μm. The principle technique for observing the process utilized charges confined within a steel housing fitted with a polycarbonate slit window. This allowed direct recording of the transition using high speed streak photography. The explosive was thermally ignited using a pyrotechnic mixture with low gaseous emission to minimize any prepressurization of the charge. In addition to the photographic records of the events, the outputs of photodiodes along the length of the column were monitored in order to determine the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The results obtained show that the DDT process in the larger grain PETN at low density was similar in structure to the DDT process at higher densities. In contrast a different mechanism leads to detonation in columns composed of the smaller grain size PETN when packed to densities less than 50% TMD. After ignition hot gases propagate along the column both compacting and igniting material as they pass. After the gases have reached the downstream end of the column, the column continues to burn and the pressure and temperature increase. Some time later initiation takes place at a point along the burning column, and detonation waves propagate in both directions from this point. The detonation waves propagate from the initiation point at speeds that would normally be associated with material compacted to around 60% TMD. The process appears to be in effect a deflagration-to-localized thermal explosion detonation transition. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370957
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrity of thin, laser-driven flyer plates (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 3859-3864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser-driven flyers were launched from substrate backed aluminum films. They were produced by single pulses from a Q-switched Nd:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser, of 10 ns duration and typically up to a few hundred mJ energy, with a focused spot size of approximately 1 mm diameter. The aluminum films were between 2 and 6 μm thick and the flyers typically achieved average velocities of a few km s−1. The integrity of the flyers was studied using streak photography and microscopy of the impacted flyers. Threshold times and distances prior to plasma penetration were used as a measure of integrity and were calculated for films of different thickness, launched with various laser pulse energies. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1310186
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of two methods of measuring the rapid temperature rises in split Hopkinson bar specimens (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 1766-1771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The temperature rise produced in iron and copper specimens by high strain deformation in a compression split Hopkinson pressure bar was measured simultaneously using two independent techniques: (i) small thermocouples (0.2 mm junction size) and (ii) an infrared (IR) camera system based on mercury cadmium telluride (spectral response between 8 and 12 μm). The response time of the thermocouple system was limited by the time taken for heat to diffuse into the junction. In order to obtain useful data with the IR camera system, the emissivity of the specimen surface needed to be modified by depositing a layer of soot. Even so, the measured emissivity was low (0.4), suggesting that the soot layer was semitransparent to IR radiation. The thermocouples, however, yielded temperature measurements that were consistent with all the mechanical work performed on the specimens being converted to heat. The main positive result obtained with the IR camera system is that heating of the iron specimens was spatially nonuniform. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150534
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deflagration-to-detonation transition in granular pentaerythritol tetranitrate (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 3499-3503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The deflagration-to-detonation transition process has been observed in pressed granular columns of the explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate. Charges were confined within a steel housing which had been fitted with a polycarbonate window to allow direct recording by high-speed streak photography. The explosive was thermally ignited by a gasless pyrotechnic mixture to minimize pre-pressurization of the charge. The results indicate that upon ignition, early choked flow of the combustion gases prevents the continued propagation of the combustion via a convective heat transfer mechanism and that the propagation of reaction becomes governed by a leading compaction wave which causes ignition through the mechanical formation of hot spots. Detonation finally occurs when the leading front of an accelerating plug of highly compacted material (density close to the theoretical maximum) formed between the reaction front and the leading compaction wave, attains the critical pressure necessary for shock-to-detonation transition. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361400
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface damage of polymethylmethacrylate plates by ice and nylon ball impacts (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1643-1649 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A study is described of the impact process and the corresponding surface damage to PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) targets impacted by ice and nylon spheres. A gas gun system was used to project the spheres and the impacts were recorded using a high-speed image converter camera (Imacon 792). Special attention was paid to the conditions causing projectile failure and the surface damage to the target. The experimental results show that although the deformation and failure modes for ice and nylon are different, the surface damage to the PMMA target has a similar failure pattern, i.e., a central, circular undamaged region surrounded by an annular damaged region containing many short circumferential cracks. Analysis shows that the diameter d of the central undamaged region and the annular damaged area Am can be used to characterize the surface damage which depends on the projectile material, sphere radius R, as well as the impact velocity V0. For a given projectile, two critical impact velocities exist: One is the threshold velocity (V0)th, below which no visible surface damage is observed, and another is the fracture velocity (V0)f, above which a plate target is broken. Damage in the annular region is caused by the Rayleigh surface wave in the present experiments. The conditions for the Rayleigh surface wave to pass ahead of the expanding edge contact velocity are analyzed. Comparisons between the theoretical predictions and experimental results, including the present study and earlier data, are made for PMMA plates impacted by projectiles of different materials (ice, nylon spheres, and water drops) and at different impact angles. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360259
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