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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The echo response inGnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae) (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 92 (1974), S. 181-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Gnathonemus petersii respond to each other's electric organ discharge (EOD) with an “echo” discharge of their own at a latency of about 12 msec. This response persists until interfish distances reach about 30 cm (Fig. 4). 2. Artificial electrical stimuli were used to further characterize the response. Response threshold, latency dependence on stimulus intensity, polarity characteristics (Figs. 5–7), and differential regional sensitivity indicate that “medium” electroreceptors in the anterior region of the animal underlie the response. 3. Response probability depends upon the delay of the stimulus after the last EOD and also upon the instantaneous EOD rate (Figs. 8, 9). The echo response in turn resets the EOD rhythm of the responding animal (Fig. 10). These results suggest that the echo input pathway terminates on the presumed mesencephalic command center.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694505
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric organ discharge patterns during dominance related behavioral displays inGnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae) (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 92 (1974), S. 201-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The electric organ discharge (EOD) patterns seen in pairs of mormyrid fishes (Gnathonemus petersii) during displays related to aggression and establishment of dominance are described. 2. A new method of reliably separating the discharges of the two fish was used. In this method a fine wire was attached to the tail of one animal (Fig. 1). 3. Discharge patterns were examined at different stages during the characteristic sequence of overt behavioral events which usually occurred after an intruder was put into a tank in which another fish of the same species had been resident for 1 hour or more. The resident attacked the intruder immediately, the intruder being initially unresponsive. After a few minutes, however, the two fish entered into intense, mutual, antiparallel displays (Fig. 2). The displays occurred repeatedly during a period of 0.5–30 min. This period ended suddenly with one of the fish clearly dominant as shown by one-sided attacks and avoiding behavior by the submissive fish. 4. All attacks were accompanied by a smooth acceleration to a high discharge rate which was usually terminated abruptly (Fig. 3). Anti-parallel behavior was accompanied by similar accelerations in both fish. Interdischarge intervals during these high rates changed discretely between those of about 15 msec and those of about 9 msec (Figs. 3–9). Initial attacks before the antiparallel period usually produced no effect or a brief acceleration in the discharges of the attacked animal. Similar attacks when dominance was well established caused a slowing of the discharge rate of the attacked fish. 5. The echo response in which one fish responds to the EOD of another with a discharge of its own at a latency between 11 and 14 msec was seen at all stages of the encounter. This latency corresponded rather exactly to the gap in the interval histogram between the shorter intervals around 9 msec and the longer ones around 15 (Figs. 11, 12). This correspondence led to a degree of avoidance of near synchronous discharges during those attacks which did not cause either slowing or accelerations in the attacked animal (Fig. 11). A degree of synchrony avoidance also occurred during the mutually high discharge rates of antiparallel behavior. This resulted from the phase locking of the two discharge trains which was often present at these times and which was probably due to the echo responses (Fig. 13). 6. Several features of the individual discharge trains and of their interaction were examined during the period of antiparallel activity. This was done in order to see if some critical parameter could be detected which would allow one to predict the winner of the encounter and which might be used as a signal by the fish themselves. No single feature among those we examined was clearly and consistently related to the outcome of the encounter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694506
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibrational spectroscopy of the hydrated hydronium cluster ions H3O+⋅(H2O)n (n=1, 2, 3) (1989)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (1989), S. 7319-7330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas phase infrared spectra of the hydrated hydronium cluster ions H3O+⋅(H2O)n(n=1, 2, 3) have been observed from 3550 to 3800 cm−1. The new spectroscopic method developed for this study is a two color laser scheme consisting of a tunable cw infrared laser with 0.5 cm−1 resolution used to excite the O–H stretching vibrations and a cw CO2 laser that dissociates the vibrationally excited cluster ion through a multiphoton process. The apparatus is a tandem mass spectrometer with a radio frequency ion trap that utilizes the following scheme: the cluster ion to be studied is first mass selected; spectroscopic interrogation then occurs in the radio frequency ion trap; finally, a fragment ion is selected and detected using ion counting techniques. The vibrational spectra obtained in this manner are compared with that taken previously using a weakly bound H2 "messenger.'' A spectrum of H7 O+3 taken using a neon messenger is also presented. Ab initio structure and frequency predictions by Remington and Schaefer are compared with the experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.457305
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infrared spectra of the cluster ions H7O+3⋅H2 and H9O+4⋅H2 (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 2328-2329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Infrared spectra of hydrated hydronium ions weakly bound to an H2 molecule, specifically H7O+3 ⋅H2 and H9O+4 ⋅H2, have been observed. Mass-selected parent ions, trapped in a radio frequency ion trap, are excited by a tunable infrared laser; following absorption, the complex predissociates with loss of the H2, and the resulting fragment ions are detected. Spectra have been taken from 3000 to 4000 cm−1, with a resolution of 1.2 cm−1. They are compared to recent theoretical and experimental spectra of the hydronium ion hydrates alone. Binding an H2 molecule to these clusters should only weakly perturb their vibrations; if so, our spectra should be similar to spectra of the hydrated hydronium ions H7O+3 and H9O+4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451079
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement Studies in Photosynthesis (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 22 (1971), S. 289-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.22.060171.001445
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced Plant Responses to Herbivory (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 20 (1989), S. 331-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001555
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The age of (a tiny part of) the Australian continent (1985)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 317 (1985), S. 559-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SCH„RER and All¨gre1, using isotope dilution analysis of single grains and fragments of zircon, recently failed to substantiate a report by Froude et al.2, based on the ion microprobe SHRIMP3, of zircons older than 4,100 Myr from Mt Narryer, Western Australia. In their discussion, Sch¤rer and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317559c0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perception of apparent motion by commissurotomy patients (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 320 (1986), S. 358-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We investigated motion perception by commissurotomy patients whose corpus callosum, anterior commissure, hippo-campal commissure and massa intermedia (when encountered) had been sectioned surgically for the treatment of intractable epilepsy3'4. An intact corpus callosum is presumed to be involved ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/320358a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bypassing prefertilization barriers to hybridization in Nicotiana using in vitro pollination and fertilization (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 665-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wide hybridization ; Tissue culture ; Ovary culture ; Tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vitro pollination of placenta attached ovules was useful in bypassing unilateral incongruity barriers for several Nicotiana interspecific hybrid combinations (N. tabacum cv. ‘Ky 17’ X N. amplexicaulis, ‘Ky 17’ X N. benthamiana, and ‘Ky 17’ X N. repanda). By measuring the pollen tube growth over time, prefertilization barriers were determined to be the cause of the incongruity. Seedling necrosis was a problem in the development of the N. amplexicaulis hybrid and it prevented maturation of the N. repanda hybrid. Callus produced from cotyledons of the N. amplexicaulis hybrid eventually resulted in plants that survived to maturity. This procedure was not successful for the N. repanda materials. The N. amplexicaulis and N. benthamiana hybrids were sterile but following chromosome doubling by midrib culture, male and female fertile plants were produced. Conventional hybridization, fertilized ovule culture, and in vitro pollination were unsuccessful in obtaining hybrids of ‘Ky 17’ crossed with N. arentsii or N. bonariensis. Apparently, strong postfertilization barriers prevent the production of viable seed of these hybrids. Each of the N. repanda — N. tabacum reciprocal hybrids could not be rescued using callus culture; this adds support to the existence of strong sexual postfertilization barriers. A recent report, however, showed that it was possible to obtain this hybrid using the technique of somatic hybridization. Thus, it appears that it may also be possible to obtain asexual hybrids of N. arentsii and N. bonariensis with N. tabacum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260773
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro regeneration in Trifolium. 1. Direct somatic embryogenesis in T. rubens (L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 15 (1988), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture ; histology ; Trifolium ; zygotic embryogenesis ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The origin and development of zygotic and somatic embryos of Trifolium rubens L. was studied with the aid of paraffin sections and light microscopy. Zygotic embryos were collected, fixed and prepared daily from one to ten days after cross-pollination. Somatic embryos were obtained by plating petiole sections on modified L2 medium with 0.015 mgl-1 picloram and 0.1 mgl-1 6-BAP. Cultured petioles were collected and fixed daily from one to 25 days after plating. Two regions in the vascular bundle sheath of cultured petioles gave rise to callus. The first region was adjacent to the phloem fibers and produced friable callus. The second region gave rise to compact callus that was connected to the fascicular cambium. Somatic embryos originated from single cells in the cortex directly without intervening callus formation and from single cells in the friable callus. In addition, embryos arose from meristematic regions in compact callus. Many early stages of embryogenesis (one, two and four-celled stages) were observed in the cortex and friable callus. Zygotic embryogenesis in Trifolium differs from other legumes in that the suspensor is short and has a broad attachment. This arrangement was observed in zygotic embryos of T. rubens and in many somatic embryos. However, a continuum of somatic embryogenesis was observed where some young embryos had a Trifolium suspensor-like arrangement while others were attached to a long narrow suspensor-like structure more characteristic of Medicago.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039887
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