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  • 1
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    Metabolic cost of extravehicular activities (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Skylab zero-g extravehicular activity data is of particular interest when it is considered in combination with the Apollo and Gemini data. The energy cost of extravehicular activity from Gemini through Skylab is discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 395-399
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Metabolism and heat dissipation during Apollo EVA periods (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The extravehicular activity life support equipment, suit temperature control, metabolic rate measurement methods, and energy production are discussed. The Apollo crewmen were able to perform planned extravehicular activities and to extend them to the maximum time allowable without medical problems. The metabolic rates experienced during the lunar surface extravehicular activities were lower than conservative premission estimates. A manually controlled liquid cooling garment was effectively used to minimize fatigue and water loss from sweating during lunar surface extravehicular activities. Gas cooling was adequate during the short zero-g extravehicular activities performed from the command module. The prediction of EVA workloads became more reliable as inflight data was accumulated. The prediction of the average metabolic cost of an EVA was more reliable than the cost of an individual short-term task.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 115-128
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  • 3
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    Physical forces generating acceleration, vibration, and impact (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects of forces resulting in radial acceleration, sustained linear acceleration, impact, or vibration are identified. Tolerance limits are presented for these forces.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 71-107
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  • 4
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    Environmental factors (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The selection of an Apollo spacecraft atmosphere was based on the establishment of an acceptable range of atmospheric composition and pressure, the establishment of acceptable carbon dioxide levels, thermal comfort criteria, and acceleration and impact limits. The prime design requirements in a spacecraft system are minimum weight, volume, power usage, reliability, ease of maintenance, environmental compatibility, integration with other systems, and crew compatibility. The selection considerations are reviewed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 129-139
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  • 5
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    Thermal environment (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects, discomfort, and performance degradation associated with an imbalanced thermal environment are discussed. Temperature tolerance limits are set using thermoregulation models and experimental results. The effects of interacting environmental factors, individual variations, and exposure duration on tolerance limits are considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 57-69
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  • 6
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    The effect of differences in time to detection of circulating microbubbles on the risk of decompression sickness (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Circulating microbubbles (CMB) are frequently detected prior to the appearance of symptoms of Decompression Sickness (DCS). It is difficult to analyze the effect of CMB on symptoms due to differences in the time to detection of CMB. This paper uses survival analysis models to evaluate the risk of symptoms in the presence of CMB. Methods: Information on 81 exposures to an altitude of 6,400 m (6.5 psi) for a period of three hours, with simulated extravehicular activities, was examined. The presence or absence of CMB was included as a time dependent covariate of the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Using this technique, the subgroup of exposures with CMB was analyzed further. Mean (S.D.) time in minutes to onset of CMB and symptoms were 125 (63) and 165 (33) respectively, following the three hours exposure. The risk of symptoms (17/81) increased 14 times in the presence of CMB, after controlling for variations in time to detection of CMB. Further, the risk was lower when time to detection of CMB was greater than 60 minutes (risk ratio = 0.96; 95 percent confidence intervals = 0.94 - 0.99 0.99 P less than 0.01) compared to CMB before 60 minutes at altitude. Conclusions: Survival analysis showed that individual risk of DCS changes significantly due to variations in time to detection of CMB. This information is important in evaluating the risk of DCS in the presence of CMB.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Aerospace Medical Association, Aerospace Medical Association 63rd Annual Scientific Meeting Program; 1 p
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  • 7
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    Investigation of the combined effects of bedrest and mild hypoxia (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Subjects were exposed to an 8-h mild hypoxia exposure (8000 ft. equivalent, 2438 m) with and without a 28-h period of 6 deg headdown bedrest. Anticipated responses to the bedrest and the hypoxia were observed. There was no indication that bedrest affected the arterial oxygenation or the oxygen gradient across the lungs of the subjects undergoing mild hypoxia. It is concluded that there is no evidence that would preclude an alveolar O2 pressure as low as 69 torr during contingency spacecraft operation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 8
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    Metabolic cost of extravehicular activities (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The data on metabolic rates during Skylab extravehicular activities are presented and compared with prior experience during Gemini and Apollo. Difficulties experienced with Gemini extravehicular activities are reviewed. The effect of a pressure suit on metabolic rate is discussed and the life support equipment capabilities of each life support system are reviewed. The methods used to measure metabolic rate, utilizing bioinstrumentation and operational data on the life support system, are described. Metabolic rates are correlated with different activities. Metabolic rates in Skylab were found to be within the capacities of the life support systems and to be similar to the metabolic rates experienced during Apollo lunar 1/6-g extravehicular activities. They were found to range from 100 kcal/h to 500 kcal/h, during both 1/6-g and zero-g extravehicular activities. The average metabolic rates measured during long extravehicular activities were remarkably consistent and appeared to be a function of crew pacing of activity rather than to the effort involved in individual tasks.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Proc. of the Skylab Life Sci. Symp., Vol. 2; p 775-784
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  • 9
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    Physiological considerations for EVA in the Space Station era (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The physiological parameters that will affect EMU design and operational scheduling for the Space Station Program are discussed. The system must be designed to safely and effectively handle the increased frequency of extravehicular activity projected for longer flight periods than in the past. In order to minimize the risk of decompression sickness a proper combination of equilibration time to cabin pressure, suit pressure, and prebreathing denitrogenation, is necessary. Effective thermal exchange is projected to be automatically controlled and to have an 8-hr 1000 BTU/hr capability. Physiological changes due to adaptation to weightlessness must be considered in scheduling for their impact on performance/fatigue and in coping with motion sickness. Radiation protection to the limit of 80 rad/quarter must be achieved by scheduling to avoid periodic proton and solar flare exposure, and by additional EMU shielding. Additional EMU considerations are the control of microorganisms and the higher pressure requirement for emergency O2 purge.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: SAE PAPER 851313
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Pulmonary artery location during microgravity activity: Potential impact for chest-mounted Doppler during space travel (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Doppler, or ultrasonic, monitoring for pain manifestations of decompression sickness (the bends) is accomplished by placing a sensor on the chest over the pulmonary artery and listening for bubbles. Difficulties have arisen because the technician notes that the pulmonary artery seems to move with subject movement in a one-g field and because the sensor output is influenced by only slight degrees of sensor movement. This study used two subjects and mapped the position of the pulmonary artery in one-g, microgravity, and two-g environments using ultrasound. The results showed that the pulmonary artery is fixed in location in microgravity and not affected by subject position change. The optimal position corresponded to where the Doppler signal is best heard with the subject in a supine position in a one-g environment. The impact of this result is that a proposed multiple sensor array on the chest proposed for microgravity use may not be necessary to monitor an astronaut during extravehicular activities. Instead, a single sensor of approximately 1 inch diameter and mounted in the position described above may suffice.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-58262 , S-538 , NAS 1.15:58262
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