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  • 21
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    Alaskan Seismic Gap Only Partially Filled by 28 February 1979 Earthquake (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-03-21
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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  • 22
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    The Dependence of PGA and PGV on Distance and Magnitude Inferred from Northern California ShakeMap Data (2003)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2003-10-01
    Description: We analyze peak ground velocity (PGV) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) data from 95 moderate (3.5〈 or =M〈5.5) and 9 large (5.5〈 or =M〈 or =7.1) earthquakes in northern California. The 95 moderate earthquakes occurred from August 1998 through December 2002, and their peak motions were compiled and mapped by ShakeMap. The nine large earthquakes include the M 6.2 Morgan Hill earthquake in 1984, the M 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, and the M 7.1 Petrolia earthquake in 1992. For r〉100 km, the peak motions attenuate more rapidly than a simple power law (that is, r (super -gamma ) ) can fit. Instead, we use an attenuation function that combines a fixed power law (r (super -0.7) ) with a fitted exponential dependence on distance, which is estimated as exp(-0.0063r) and exp(-0.0073r) for PGV and PGA, respectively, for moderate earthquakes. We regress log(PGV) and log(PGA) as functions of distance and magnitude. We assume that the scaling of log(PGV) and log(PGA) with magnitude can differ for moderate and large earthquakes, but must be continuous. Because the frequencies that carry PGV and PGA can vary with earthquake size for large earthquakes, the regression for large earthquakes incorporates a magnitude dependence in the exponential attenuation function. We fix the scaling break between moderate and large earthquakes at M 5.5; log(PGV) and log(PGA) scale as 1.06M and 1.00M, respectively, for moderate earthquakes and 0.58M and 0.31M for large earthquakes.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 23
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    Laboratory-Based Maximum Slip Rates in Earthquake Rupture Zones and Radiated Energy (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-01
    Description: Laboratory stick-slip friction experiments indicate that peak slip rates increase with the stresses loading the fault to cause rupture. If this applies also to earthquake fault zones, then the analysis of rupture processes is simplified inasmuch as the slip rates depend only on the local yield stress and are independent of factors specific to a particular event, including the distribution of slip in space and time. We test this hypothesis by first using it to develop an expression for radiated energy that depends primarily on the seismic moment and the maximum slip rate. From laboratory results, the maximum slip rate for any crustal earthquake, as well as various stress parameters including the yield stress, can be determined based on its seismic moment and the maximum slip within its rupture zone. After finding that our new equation for radiated energy works well for laboratory stick-slip friction experiments, we used it to estimate radiated energies for five earthquakes with magnitudes near 2 that were induced in a deep gold mine, an M 2.1 repeating earthquake near the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) site and seven major earthquakes in California and found good agreement with energies estimated independently from spectra of local and regional ground-motion data. Estimates of yield stress for the earthquakes in our study range from 12 MPa to 122 MPa with a median of 64 MPa. The lowest value was estimated for the 2004 M 6 Parkfield, California, earthquake whereas the nearby M 2.1 repeating earthquake, as recorded in the SAFOD pilot hole, showed a more typical yield stress of 64 MPa.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 24
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    Regional Estimates of Radiated Seismic Energy (2002)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2002-05-01
    Description: We revise the spectral technique for estimating radiated energy from recordings of large earthquakes at regional distances (Delta 〈200 km) by correcting for geometric spreading and for site amplification as explicit functions of frequency. We analyze 65 recordings of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake as functions of frequency, distance, and azimuth. For r〉27.5 km from the source, we model the geometrical spreading of the regional wavefield as r (super -gamma ) where gamma = 0.5 for f〈 or =0.2 Hz and gamma = 0.7 for f〉 or =0.25 Hz. We fit the spectral falloff with distance using a frequency dependent attenuation Q = 400(f/1.5) (super 0.6) , where Q = 400 for f〈 or =1.5 Hz. There is little directivity apparent in the corrected velocity spectra: the velocity spectra observed to the northwest along strike are amplified by a factor of 2.5 from 0.3 to 1.0 Hz and those to the southeast are amplified by a factor of 1.6 from 0.3 to 0.7 Hz. We group the stations in NEHRP site classes, using average 1-D velocity structures to estimate site amplification as a function of frequency and assuming 0.40〈 or =k〈 or =0.55 sec for the near-surface attenuation. We increase the amplification of the softsoil sites form 0.1 to 1.0 Hz by a factor that reaches 1.7 at 0.3 Hz because they are more strongly amplified than the NEHRP-D velocity structure predicts. We combine the 65 single-station estimates of radiated energy using an equal-azimuth weighting scheme that compensates for station distribution and incorporates the observed directivity, yielding a regional estimate of E (sub s) = 3.4+ or -0.7X10 (super 22) dyne cm. This regional estimate of radiated energy corresponds closely to the teleseismic estimate of E (sub s) = 3.2X10 (super 22) dyne cm.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 25
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    Correlation of Ground Motion and Intensity for the 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake (2001)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2001-08-01
    Description: We analyze the correlations between intensity and a set of ground-motion parameters obtained from 66 free-field stations in Los Angeles County that recorded the 1994 Northridge earthquake. We use the tagging intensities from Thywissen and Boatwright (1998) because these intensities are determined independently on census tracts, rather than interpolated from zip codes, as are the modified Mercalli isoseismals from Dewey et al. (1995). The ground-motion parameters we consider are the peak ground acceleration (PGA), the peak ground velocity (PGV), the 5%-damped pseudovelocity response spectral (PSV) ordinates at 14 periods from 0.1 to 7.5 sec, and the rms average of these spectral ordinates from 0.3 to 3 sec. Visual comparisons of the distribution of tagging intensity with contours of PGA, PGV, and the average PSV suggest that PGV and the average PSV are better correlated with the intensity than PGA. The correlation coefficients between the intensity and the ground-motion parameters bear this out: r = 0.75 for PGA, 0.85 for PGV, and 0.85 for the average PSV. Correlations between the intensity and the PSV ordinates, as a function of period, are strongest at 1.5 sec (r = 0.83) and weakest at 0.2 sec (r = 0.66). Regressing the intensity on the logarithms of these ground-motion parameters yields relations I varies as mlogtheta with 3.0〈 or =m〈 or =5.2 for the parameters analyzed, where m = 4.4+ or -0.7 for PGA, 3.4+ or -0.4 for PGV, and 3.6+ or -0.5 for the average PSV.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 26
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    The Distribution of Modified Mercalli Intensity in the 18 April 1906 San Francisco Earthquake (2008)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-01
    Description: We analyze Boatwright and Bundock's (2005) modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) map for the 18 April 1906 San Francisco earthquake, reviewing their interpretation of the MMI scale and testing their correlation of 1906 cemetery damage with MMI intensity. We consider in detail four areas of the intensity map where Boatwright and Bundock (2005) added significantly to the intensity descriptions compiled by Lawson (1908). We show that the distribution of off-fault damage in Sonoma County suggests that the rupture velocity approached the P-wave velocity along Tomales Bay. In contrast, the falloff of intensity with distance from the fault appears approximately constant throughout Mendocino County. The intensity in Humboldt County appears somewhat higher than the intensity in Mendocino County, suggesting that the rupture process at the northern end of the rupture was relatively energetic and that there was directivity consistent with a subsonic rupture velocity on the section of the fault south of Shelter Cove. Finally, we show that the intensity sites added in Santa Cruz County change the intensity distribution so that it decreases gradually along the southeastern section of rupture from Corralitos to San Juan Bautista and implies that the stress release on this section of rupture was relatively low.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 27
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    Rupture Directivity of Moderate Earthquakes in Northern California (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-14
    Description: We invert peak ground velocity and acceleration (PGV and PGA) to estimate rupture direction and rupture velocity for 47 moderate earthquakes (3.5〉 or =M〉 or =5.4) in northern California. We correct sets of PGAs and PGVs recorded at stations less than 55-125 km, depending on source depth, for site amplification and source-receiver distance, then fit the residual peak motions to the unilateral directivity function of Ben-Menahem (1961). We independently invert PGA and PGV. The rupture direction can be determined using as few as seven peak motions if the station distribution is sufficient. The rupture velocity is unstable, however, if there are no takeoff angles within 30 degrees of the rupture direction. Rupture velocities are generally subsonic (0.5beta -0.9beta ); for stability, we limit the rupture velocity at v=0.92beta , the Rayleigh wave speed. For 73 of 94 inversions, the rupture direction clearly identifies one of the nodal planes as the fault plane. The 35 strike-slip earthquakes have rupture directions that range from nearly horizontal (6 events) to directly updip (5 events); the other 24 rupture partly along strike and partly updip. Two strike-slip earthquakes rupture updip in one inversion and downdip in the other. All but 1 of the 11 thrust earthquakes rupture predominantly updip. We compare the rupture directions for 10 M〉 or =4.0 earthquakes to the relative location of the mainshock and the first two weeks of aftershocks. Spatial distributions of 8 of 10 aftershock sequences agree well with the rupture directivity calculated for the mainshock.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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  • 28
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    Long-Term Creep Rates on the Hayward Fault: Evidence for Controls on the Size and Frequency of Large Earthquakes (2012)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: The Hayward fault (HF) in California exhibits large (M (sub w) 6.5-7.1) earthquakes with short recurrence times (161+ or -65 yr), probably kept short by a 26%-78% aseismic release rate (including postseismic). Its interseismic release rate varies locally over time, as we infer from many decades of surface creep data. Earliest estimates of creep rate, primarily from infrequent surveys of offset cultural features, revealed distinct spatial variation in rates along the fault, but no detectable temporal variation. Since the 1989 M (sub w) 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake (LPE), monitoring on 32 alinement arrays and 5 creepmeters has greatly improved the spatial and temporal resolution of creep rate. We now identify significant temporal variations, mostly associated with local and regional earthquakes. The largest rate change was a 6-yr cessation of creep along a 5-km length near the south end of the HF, attributed to a regional stress drop from the LPE, ending in 1996 with a 2-cm creep event. North of there near Union City starting in 1991, rates apparently increased by 25% above pre-LPE levels on a 16-km-long reach of the fault. Near Oakland in 2007 an M (sub w) 4.2 earthquake initiated a 1-2 cm creep event extending 10-15 km along the fault. Using new better-constrained long-term creep rates, we updated earlier estimates of depth to locking along the HF. The locking depths outline a single, approximately 50-km-long locked or retarded patch with the potential for an M (sub w) approximately 6.8 event equaling the 1868 HF earthquake. We propose that this inferred patch regulates the size and frequency of large earthquakes on HF.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 29
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    Regional Spectral Analysis of Three Moderate Earthquakes in Northeastern North America (2011)
    Seismological Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-01
    Description: We analyze Fourier spectra obtained from the horizontal components of broadband and accelerogram data from the 1997 Cap-Rouge, the 2002 Ausable Forks, and the 2005 Riviere-du-Loup earthquakes, recorded by Canadian and American stations sited on rock at hypocentral distances from 23 to 602 km. We check the recorded spectra closely for anomalies that might result from site resonance or source effects. We use Beresnev and Atkinson's (1997) near-surface velocity structures and Boore and Joyner's (1997) quarter-wave method to estimate site response at hard- and soft-rock sites. We revise the Street et al. (1975) model for geometrical spreading, adopting a crossover distance of r (sub o) =50 km instead of 100 km. We obtain an average attenuation of Q=410+ or -25f (super 0.50+ or -0.03) for S+L (sub g) +surface waves with ray paths in the Appalachian and southeastern Grenville Provinces. We correct the recorded spectra for attenuation and site response to estimate source spectral shape and radiated energy for these three earthquakes and the 1988 M 5.8 Saguenay earthquake. The Brune stress drops range from 130 to 419 bars, and the apparent stresses range from 39 to 63 bars. The corrected source spectral shapes of these earthquakes are somewhat variable for frequencies from 0.2 to 2 Hz, falling slightly below the fitted Brune spectra.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 30
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    Identification of Novel Genomic Associations and Gene Candidates for Grain Starch Content in Sorghum (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-12-02
    Description: Starch accumulated in the endosperm of cereal grains as reserve energy for germination serves as a staple in human and animal nutrition. Unraveling genetic control for starch metabolism is important for breeding grains with high starch content. In this study, we used a sorghum association panel with 389 individuals and 141,557 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to fit linear mixed models (LMM) for identifying genomic regions and potential candidate genes associated with starch content. Three associated genomic regions, one in chromosome (chr) 1 and two novel associations in chr-8, were identified using combination of LMM and Bayesian sparse LMM. All significant SNPs were located within protein coding genes, with SNPs ∼ 52 Mb of chr-8 encoding a Casperian strip membrane protein (CASP)-like protein (Sobic.008G111500) and a heat shock protein (HSP) 90 (Sobic.008G111600) that were highly expressed in reproductive tissues including within the embryo and endosperm. The HSP90 is a potential hub gene with gene network of 75 high-confidence first interactors that is enriched for five biochemical pathways including protein processing. The first interactors of HSP90 also showed high transcript abundance in reproductive tissues. The candidates of this study are likely involved in intricate metabolic pathways and represent candidate gene targets for source-sink activities and drought and heat stress tolerance during grain filling.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4425
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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