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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New algebraic and probabilistic relations between structure factors and direct space information (1977)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 33 (1977), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Further investigation of the Karle-Hauptman determinants leads to several new relations: the DN determinant is simply related to interatomic vectors; also obtained is a probabilistic restriction on the atomic positions inside the algebraically allowed regions, as defined by von Eller. On the other hand new Gram determinants are defined and shown to be useful in relating moduli, phases and interatomic vectors. A practical application is given of fitting a stereochemically known fragment in the unit cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739477000254
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WATER RESOURCES APPLICATIONS OF STREAM CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS ON SMALL FORESTED BASINS (1972)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 8 (1972), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: . Stream channel characteristics were found to be useful indices to the hydrology of 27 small forested basins in the Northeast United States. Channel width alone explained 37 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff, whereas channel width combined with basin area explained 78 percent of the variation in mean annual runoff. This approached the percentage of variation in mean annual runoff explained by mean annual precipitation (83 percent). A simulated 15% increase in precipitation, such as might occur in a weather modification project, produced increases in channel width, depth, and channel area of 3, 4, and 8 percent, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05211.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODEL ACCURACY IN SNOWMELT-RUNOFF FORECASTS EXTENDING FROM 1 TO 20 DAYS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper examines the performance of snowmelt-runoff models in conditions approximating real-time forecast situations. These tests are one part of an intercomparison of models recently conducted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Daily runoff from the Canadian snowmelt basin Illecille. waet (1155 km2, 509–3150 m a.s.l.) was forecast for 1 to 20 days ahead. The performance of models was better than in a previous WMO project, which dealt with runoff simulations from historical data, for the following reasons: (1) conditions for models were more favorable than a real-time forecast situation because measured input data and not meteorological forecast inputs were distributed to the modelers; (2) the selected test basin was relatively easy to handle and familiar from the previous WMO project; and (3) all kinds of updating were allowed so that some models even improved their accuracy towards longer forecast times. Based on this experience, a more realistic follow-up project can be imagined which would include temperature forecasts and quantitative precipitation forecasts instead of measured data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03305.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    USING HEAT CAPACITY MAPPING MISSION (HCMM) DATA TO ASSESS LAKE WATER QUALITY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 20 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: A water quality investigation on Utah Lake was conducted during the same time period that the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite was collecting thermal infrared and reflectivity data. Relationships were established and evaluated among HCMM data and lake water quality parameters. Although remotely sensed reflective data have been previously utilized, this study was unique in that thermal emitted data were also correlated to algae concentrations and other indicators. Standard statistical evaluations were made along with utilization of color graphics techniques to identify and plot relationships. The emitted thermal energy was found to have high positive correlations with net algal concentrations and with the predominant species, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, a blue-green alga. No continuous correlation was found for a less abundant red pigment phytoplankton, Ceratium hirundinella. Similar trends, though for negative correlations, were shown for reflectivity data and algal concentrations throughout the spring and summer. Coincidence of areas of warmer emitted energy and darker relfected energy on colorgraphics displays clearly indicate lake areas of high algal concentrations. Night thermal data displayed a strong negative correlation with algal concentration, opposite to day thermal data. Color graphics of warmer day emitted energy and cooler night emitted energy further verify areas of high algal concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb02831.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DISCUSSION: “Effective Use of Landsat Data in Hydrologic Models” (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 20 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04687.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DISCUSSION: “Effective Use of Landsat Data in Hydrologic Models,” (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 20 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1984.tb04686.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTIVE USE OF LANDSAT DATA IN HYDROLOGIC MODELS (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 19 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In a cooperative demonstration project, NASA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) compared conventional and Landsat-derived land-use data for use in hydrologic models, and the resulting discharge frequency curves were analyzed. When a grid-based data-management system was used on a cell-by-cell basis (size about 1.1 acres or 0.45 hectare), Landsat classification accuracy was only 64 percent, but, when the grid cells were aggregated into watersheds, the classification accuracy increased to about 95 percent. When both conventional and Landsat land-use data were input to the HEC-1 model for generating discharge frequency curves, the differences in calculated discharge were judged insignificant for subbasins as small as 1.0mi2 (2.59 km2). For basins larger than 10mi2 (25.9km2), use of the Landsat approach is more cost-effective than use of conventional methods. Digital Landsat data can also be used effectively by local and regional agencies for hydrologic analysis by incorporating the data into grid-based data-management systems. The transfer of this new technology is well under way through inclusion in some Corps training courses and through use by both county government personnel and private consultants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1983.tb05310.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LAKE EVAPORATION STUDIES USING SATELLITE THERMAL INFRARED DATA (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Thermal infrared radiation data were acquired by the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite over the surface area (385 km2) of Utah Lake during periodic overpasses in 1978 and 1979. The thermal infrared data were converted to lake surface temperatures which were subsequently used in correlations with lake evaporation. Correlations between HCMM surface temperature and pan-derived evaporation exceeded r = 0.90 when HCMM night and day/night average temperatures and two-day average evaporation values were tested. Similar regression studies were done using monthly data from a conceptual evaporation model and the evaporation pan versus monthly HCMM temperature data. In this test both the HCMM day and night monthly temperature versus the monthly model or pan evaporation had correlations exceeding r = 0.95. Empirical estimates of both short and long term lake evaporation using satellite thermal infrared data seem feasible. Attempts to use the HCMM thermal information as direct input to a theoretical approach to calculating evaporation were inconclusive; however, a definite potential seems to exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb00198.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASSESSMENT OF REMOTE SENSING INPUT TO HYDROLOGIC MODELS (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 21 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Remotely sensed variables such as land cover type and snow-cover extent can currently be used directly and effectively in a few specific hydrologic models. Regression models can also be developed using physiographic and snow-cover data to permit estimation of discharge characteristics over extended periods such as a season or year. Most models, however, are not of an appropriate design to readily accept as input the various types of remote sensing parameters that can be obtained now or in the future. Because this new technology has the potential for producing hydrologic data that has significant information content on an areal basis, both inexpensively and repetitively, effort should be devoted now to either modifying existing models or developing new models that can use these data. Minor modifications would at least allow the remote sensing data to be used in an ancillary way to update the model state variables, whereas major structural modifications or new models would permit direct input of the data through remote sensing compatible algorithms. Although current remote sensing inputs to hydrologic models employ only visible and near infrared data, model modification or development should accommodate microwave and thermal infrared data that will be more widely available in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb00152.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REVISITING THE DEGREE-DAY METHOD FOR SNOWMELT COMPUTATIONS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 31 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The simple, empirical degree-day approach for calculating snowmelt and runoff from mountain basins has been in use for more than 60 years. It is frequently suggested that the degree-day method be replaced by the more physically-based energy balance approach. The degree-day approach, however, maintains its popularity, applicability, and effectiveness. It is shown that the degree-day method is reliable for computing total snowmelt depths for periods of a week to the entire snowmelt season. It can also be used for daily snowmelt depths when utilized in connection with an adequate snowmelt runoff model for computing the basin runoff. The degree-day ratio is shown to vary seasonally as opposed to being constant as is often assumed. Additionally, in order to evaluate the degree-day ratio correctly, the changing snow cover extent in a basin during the snowmelt season must be taken into account. It is also possible to combine the degree-day approach with a radiation component so that short time interval (〈24 hours) computations of snowmelt depth can be made. When snowmelt input is transformed to basin output (runoff) by a snowmelt runoff model, there is little difference between the degree-day approach and a radiation-based approach. This is fortuitous because the physically-based energy balance models will not soon displace the degree-day methods because of their excessive data requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03392.x
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