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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 201 (1964), S. 630-630 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Our laboratory secured a copy of the manuscript of this communication from the authors in April to use in our work on atherosclerosis. Since then, all our attempts to justify the validity of this method have been unsuccessful. We have been unable to support the contention of the authors that the ...
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial and engineering chemistry 10 (1938), S. 579-582 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 44 (1943), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 56 (2000), S. 670-671 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The interaction between the peri substituents in the title compound, C18H18N2O2, measured at 150 K, represents an early stage in the addition reaction of an amino group to an electron-deficient alkene, and has an N...Csp2 separation of 2.531 (2) Å; comparison with related structures indicates that the nitrile group activates an alkene to nucleophilic attack more than a coplanar carboxylic ester group.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 64 (1979), S. 179-182 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Balanus balanoides ; exposure ; distribution ; morphology variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of Balanus balanoides (L.) distribution at Dipper Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada, indicate as individuals per unit area increase, external morphology changes. This trend is reflected largely by height increase. Directional aspect of substrate effects numbers of barnacles as well as their shapes.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Population and environment 17 (1995), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 1573-7810
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Two hundred sixty-one research participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure concern for the environment and concern for population growth. The introduction to the questionnaire focused on either threat to society, personal threat, or no threat. Contrary to some previous research findings, a positive correlation between concern for the environment and concern for population growth was found. This finding is explained by the simultaneity of measurement of the two constructs, item phrasing, and the possibility that previous research findings lacked transhistorical reliability. The threat manipulation was found to moderate the relationship between concern for the environment and concern for population growth. Analyses of demographic variables showed that women expressed more environmental concern that men, and that regular church attendees expressed the least concern for population growth.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 24 (1993), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: growth factor ; phosphatidylinositol cycle ; actin polymerization ; fluorescence microscopy ; cytochalasin D ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The addition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to serum-starved fibroblasts induces increased motility, formation of lamellipodia, increased ruffling activity, and actin ring structures associated with dorsal ruffles. Involvement of the phosphatidylinositol cycle (PI-cycle) in these morphological changes was investigated by observing the effects of neomycin, an inhibitor of the PI-cycle, on cultured human foreskin fibroblasts. The role of actin in the changes was investigated by using cytochalasin D (CD). Actin in detergent-extracted cells was labelled with TRITC-phalloidin and examined with fluorescence microscopy. Using PDGF and neomycin simultaneously potentiated lamellipodia formation, ruffling activity, as well as the number of cells with actin rings. Furthermore, neomycin by itself induced morphological changes similar to those induced by PDGF. Quantitation of actin rings showed dose and time dependency for PDGF and neomycin respectively, with a maximal number of cells containing rings after 15 min of exposure to either 3.5 mM neomycin or 10 ng PDGF/ml. Comparing the two substances, PDGF induced ring formation in a greater number of cells. These processes were inhibited by the presence of CD. PDGF- and neomycin-induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton were also observed in human embryonic lung fibroblasts, human glial cells, and embryonic mouse fibroblasts, all of which are known to express PDGF-receptors. In conclusion, the present study indicates that an increased turnover of the PI-cycle is not essential for the changes in actin organization induced by PDGF. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Amphibia ; Ultrastructure ; Smooth muscle ; Extracellular matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lung of the giant salamander, Amphiuma tridactylum, is divided into respiratory alveoli by muscular septa that increase the surface area of the lung as well as provide a mechanism for its almost complete collapse during exhalation. The epithelium of the internal surface is of two types: respiratory, composed of a single layer of pneumocytes overlying anastomosing capillaries, and non-respiratory, composed of ciliated cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells. Non-respiratory epithelium covers the apical edges of the septa, whereas the respiratory epithelium lines the alveoli. The smooth muscle of the septa and walls of the lung was studied in preparations of uninflated and acetylcholine-contracted lung. The muscle cells are ultrastructurally similar to other types of smooth muscle but are surrounded by extraordinary amounts of extracellular matrix, containing collagen and elastic fibers and numerous fine fibrils of unknown composition. Smooth muscle in isolated lung strips contracted in a dose-dependent manner when treated with acetylcholine or methacholine; contraction was blocked by atropine. Responses of lung strips to adrenergic agents were limited; only high doses of adrenalin caused slight relaxation of previously contracted muscle. These observations support the hypothesis that contraction of pulmonary smooth muscle is responsible for the ventilatory efficiency of the lung.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 22 (1992), S. 130-150 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; High resolution ; Cytoskeleton ; Biological specimen preparation ; Cultured cells ; Electrophoresis ; Bifunctional crosslinking reagents ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Today's electron microscopes have a resolution sufficient to resolve supramolecular structures. However, the methods used to prepare biological samples for electron microscopy often limit our ability to achieve the resolution that is theoretically possible. We use whole mounts of detergent-extracted cells grown on Formvar-coated gold grids as a model system to evaluate various steps in the preparation of biological samples for high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM)Factors that are important in determining the structure and composition of detergent-extracted cells include the nature of the detergent and the composition of the extraction vehicle. Chelation of calcium is extremely important to stabilize and preserve the cytoskeletal filaments. We have also demonstrated both morphologically and by gel electrophoresis that treatment of cells with bifunctional protein crosslinkers before or during extraction with detergent can significantly enhance the preservation of both proteins and supramolecular structures.The methods used to dry samples are a major determinant of the quality of structural preservation. For cytoskeletons freeze-drying (FD) is superior to critical point-drying (CPD), one reason being that CPD samples have to be dehydrated, thereby causing more shrinkage as compared to FD samples. The high pressures to which samples are exposed during CPD may also cause increased shrinkage, and water contamination during CPD causes severe structural damage. We have obtained the best structural preservation of detergent-extracted and fixed cells by manually plunging them into liquid propane and drying over night in a freeze-drayer.The factor that most limits achievement of high resolution in SEM is the metal coat, which has to be very thin, uniform, and free of grain in order not to hide structures or to create artifactual ones. We have found that sputter-coating with 1-3 nm of tungsten (W) or niobium )Nb( gives extremely fine-grained films as well as satisfactory emission of secondary electrons. These samples can also be examined at high resolution by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The best preservation and visualization of supramolecular structures have been obtained using cryosputtering, in which the samples are freeze-dried and then sputter-coated within the freeze-dryer while still frozen. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy ; Detergent extraction ; Thin metal films ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper describes the use of sputter coating to prepare detergent-extracted cytoskeletons for observation by scanning (SEM), scanning transmission (STEM), inverted contrast STEM, and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Sputtered coats of 1-2 nm of platinum or tungsten provide both an adequate secondary electron signal for SEM and good contrast for STEM and TEM. At the same time, the grain size of the coating is sufficiently fine to be just at (platinum) or below (tungsten) the limit of resolution for SEM and STEM. In TEM, the granular structure of platinum coats is resolved, and platinum decoration artifacts are observed on the surface of structures. The platinum is deposited as small islands with a periodic distribution that may reveal information about the underlying molecular structure. This method produces samples that are similar in appearance to replicas prepared by low-angle rotary shadowing with platinum and carbon. However, the sputter-coating method is easier to use; more widely available to investigators; and compatible with SEM, STEM, and TEM. It may also be combined with immunogold and other labeling methods. While TEM provides the highest resolution images of sputter-coated cytoskeletons, it also damages the specimens owing to heating in the beam. In SEM and STEM cytoskeletons are stable and the resolution is adequate to resolve individual microfilaments. The best single method for visualizing cytoskeletons is inverted contrast STEM, which images both the metal-coated cytoskeletal structures and electron-dense material within the nucleus and cytoplasm as white against a dark background. STEM and TEM were both suitable for visualizing colloidal gold particles in immunolabeled samples.
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