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  • 11
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    The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study: Comparison of satellite and aircraft derived particle size (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Theoretical calculations predict that cloud reflectance in near infrared windows such as those at 1.6 and 2.2 microns should give lower reflectances than at visible wavelengths. The reason for this difference is that ice and liquid water show significant absorption at those wavelengths, in contrast to the nearly conservative scattering at wavelengths shorter than 1 micron. In addition, because the amount of absorption scales with the path length of radiation through the particle, increasing cloud particle size should lead to decreasing reflectances at 1.6 and 2.2 microns. Measurements at these wavelengths to date, however, have often given unpredicted results. Twomey and Cocks found unexpectedly high absorption (factors of 3 to 5) in optically thick liquid water clouds. Curran and Wu found expectedly low absorption in optically thick high clouds, and postulated the existence of supercooled small water droplets in place of the expected large ice particles. The implications of the FIRE data for optically thin cirrus are examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: FIRE Science Results 1989; p 369-373
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO cirrus case study - Comparison of radiative transfer theory with observations by satellite and aircraft (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations of cirrus and altocumulus clouds during the FIRE are compared to theoretical models of cloud radiative properties. Three tests are performed. First, radiances are used to compare the relationship between nadir reflectance ot 0.83 micron and beam emittance at 11.5 microns with that predicted for model calculations using spherical and nonspherical phase functions. Good agreement is found between observations and theory when water droplets dominate. Poor agreement is found when ice particles dominate, especially using spherical-particle phase functions (SPPFs). Even when compared to a laboratory-measured ice-particle phase function (IPPF), the observations show great side-scattered radiation than the theoretical calculations. Second, the anisotropy of conservatively scattered radiation is examined using simultaneous multiple angle views of the cirrus from Landsat and ER-2 aircraft radiometers. Observed anisotropy gives good agreement with theoretical calculations using the laboratory IPPF and poor agreement with an SPPF. Third, Landsat radiances at 0.83, 1.65, and 2.21 microns are used to infer particle phase and size. For water droplets, good agreement is found with particle-probe measurements in the cloud. For ice particles, the Landsat radiance observations predict an effective radius of 60 microns versus aircraft observations of about 200 microns. It is suggested that this discrepancy may be explained by uncertainty in the imaginary index of ice and by inadequate measurements of small ice particles by microphysical probes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 118; 2356-237
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
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    Surface radiation budget for climate applications (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) consists of the upwelling and downwelling radiation fluxes at the surface, separately determined for the broadband shortwave (SW) (0 to 5 micron) and longwave (LW) (greater than 5 microns) spectral regions plus certain key parameters that control these fluxes, specifically, SW albedo, LW emissivity, and surface temperature. The uses and requirements for SRB data, critical assessment of current capabilities for producing these data, and directions for future research are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1169 , L-16133 , NAS 1.61:1169
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
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    The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE IFO Cirrus case study: Comparison of radiative transfer theory with observations by satellite and aircraft (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations of cirrus and altocumulus clouds during the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment (FIRE) are compared to theoretical models of cloud radiative properties. Three tests are performed. First, LANDSAT radiances are used to compare the relationship between nadir reflectance ot 0.83 micron and beam emittance at 11.5 microns with that predicted for model calculations using spherical and nonspherical phase functions. Good agreement is found between observations and theory when water droplets dominate. Poor agreement is found when ice particles dominate, especially using scattering phase functions for spherical particles. Even when compared to a laboratory measured ice particle phase function, the observations show increased side scattered radiation relative to the theoretical calculations. Second, the anisotropy of conservatively scattered radiation is examined using simultaneous multiple angle views of the cirrus from LANDSAT and ER-2 aircraft radiometers. Observed anisotropy gives good agreement with theoretical calculations using the laboratory measured ice particle phase function and poor agreement with a spherical particle phase function. Third, Landsat radiances at 0.83, 1.65, and 2.21 microns are used to infer particle phase and particle size. For water droplets, good agreement is found with King Air FSSP particle probe measurements in the cloud. For ice particles, the LANDSAT radiance observations predict an effective radius of 60 microns versus aircraft observations of about 200 microns. It is suggested that this descrepancy may be explained by uncertainty in the imaginary index of ice and by inadequate measurements of small ice particles by microphysical probes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-103468 , NAS 1.15:103468
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
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    ERBE data inversion (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) involves the use of a system of three spacecraft with instrument packages for measuring the earth's radiation balance to an accuracy which has been unattainable in previous experiments. The experiment is to determine the monthly averaged radiant exitances at te 'top of the atmosphere' (TOA) over the earth with a resolution of 250 km. The realization of this goal requires the conduction of high accuracy measurements, and the computation of the instantaneous radiant exitances from these measurements. The operation involved in this computation is called an 'inversion'. A third requirement is related to the computation of the daily and monthly averaged regional values from the instantaneous values. A brief description is provided of the algorithms for the inversion of the measurements to TOA radiant exitances, taking into account also the techniques which are used to validate the methods and results.
    Keywords: COMPUTER OPERATIONS AND HARDWARE
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
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    Effect of nose-mounted control-system jets in roll-control positions on the aerodynamics of a space vehicle (1966)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-29
    Description: Nose-mounted control-system jets in roll-control positions effect on aerodynamics of space vehicle
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-3282
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
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    Aerodynamic characteristics from mach 0.22 to 4.65 of a two-stage rocket vehicle having an unusual nose shape high power, high voltage, audio frequency transformer design manual final report, 1 jul. 1962 - 31 aug. 1964 (1964)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-23
    Description: Transonic and supersonic aerodynamic characteristics for two-stage rocket vehicle with blunted nose cone on square body with conical flare termination
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-2163
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    Angular radiation models for Earth-atmosphere system. Volume 1: Shortwave radiation (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Presented are shortwave angular radiation models which are required for analysis of satellite measurements of Earth radiation, such as those fro the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The models consist of both bidirectional and directional parameters. The bidirectional parameters are anisotropic function, standard deviation of mean radiance, and shortwave-longwave radiance correlation coefficient. The directional parameters are mean albedo as a function of Sun zenith angle and mean albedo normalized to overhead Sun. Derivation of these models from the Nimbus 7 ERB (Earth Radiation Budget) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data sets is described. Tabulated values and computer-generated plots are included for the bidirectional and directional modes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1184 , L-16414 , NAS 1.61:1184
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
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    Angular radiation models for earth-atmosphere system. Volume 2: Longwave radiation (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The longwave angular radiation models that are required for analysis of satellite measurements of Earth radiation, such as those from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are presented. The models contain limb-darkening characteristics and mean fluxes. Limb-darkening characteristics are the longwave anisotropic factor and the standard deviation of the longwave radiance. Derivation of these models from the Nimbus 7 ERB (Earth Radiation Budget) data set is described. Tabulated values and computer-generated plots are included for the limb-darkening and mean-flux models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1184-VOL-2 , L-16503 , NAS 1.61:1184-VOL-2
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 20
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    Phase function, backscatter, extinction, and absorption for standard radiation atmosphere and El Chichon aerosol models at visible and near-infrared wavelengths (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Tabular values of phase function, Legendre polynominal coefficients, 180 deg backscatter, and extinction cross section are given for eight wavelengths in the atmospheric windows between 0.4 and 2.2 microns. Also included are single scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and refractive indices. These values are based on Mie theory calculations for the standard rediation atmospheres (continental, maritime, urban, unperturbed stratospheric, volcanic, upper atmospheric, soot, oceanic, dust, and water-soluble) assest measured volcanic aerosols at several time intervals following the El Chichon eruption. Comparisons of extinction to 180 deg backscatter for different aerosol models are presented and related to lidar data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-86379 , NAS 1.15:86379
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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