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  • 11
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    Future Caribbean temperature and rainfall extremes from statistical downscaling (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-12
    Description: ABSTRACT The Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) is used to investigate future projections of daily minimum and maximum temperature extremes for 45 stations and rainfall extremes for 39 stations across the Caribbean and neighbouring regions. Models show good skill in reproducing the monthly climatology of the mean daily temperatures and the frequencies of warm days, warm nights, cool days and cool nights between 1961 and 2001. Models for rainfall exhibit lower skill but generally capture the monthly climatology of mean daily rainfall and the spatial distribution of the mean annual maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD) and mean annual count of days with daily rainfall above 10 mm (R10). Future projections suggest an increase (decrease) in warm (cool) days and nights by 2071–2099 under the A2 and B2 scenarios relative to 1961–1990. An increase in CDD is suggested for most stations except some eastern Caribbean stations and Bahamas. Decreases in RX1 (monthly maximum 1-day precipitation), R10 and R95p (annual total rainfall above the 95th percentile) are also suggested for some northern Caribbean locations and Belize under the A2 scenario, compared to a mixture of increases and decreases for the eastern Caribbean. Atmospheric predictors used in SDSM correlate well with known oceanic and atmospheric drivers of Caribbean climate, e.g. the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on a seasonal timescale. Atlantic sea surface temperatures and the Caribbean low level jet appear to have significant influence on Caribbean temperature and rainfall extremes. Initiatives have explored future Caribbean rainfall and temperature extremes. These relied on outputs from global and regional climate models and a weather generator. Here, the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), a hybrid of regression and stochastic weather generator approaches is used. Results suggest more frequent warm events and variable responses in extreme rainfall by 2071–2099 under A2 and B2 scenarios. Atmospheric predictors in SDSM correlate well with known oceanic and atmospheric drivers of Caribbean climate, e.g. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on seasonal timescales.
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 12
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    Changes in extreme temperature and precipitation in the Caribbean region, 1961–2010 (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-14
    Description: ABSTRACT A workshop was held at the University of the West Indies, Jamaica, in May 2012 to build capacity in climate data rescue and to enhance knowledge about climate change in the Caribbean region. Scientists brought their daily observational surface temperature and precipitation data from weather stations for an assessment of quality and homogeneity and for the calculation of climate indices helpful for studying climate change in their region. This study presents the trends in daily and extreme temperature and precipitation indices in the Caribbean region for records spanning the 1961–2010 and 1986–2010 intervals. Overall, the results show a warming of the surface air temperature at land stations. In general, the indices based on minimum temperature show stronger warming trends than indices calculated from maximum temperature. The frequency of warm days, warm nights and extreme high temperatures has increased while fewer cool days, cool nights and extreme low temperatures were found for both periods. Changes in precipitation indices are less consistent and the trends are generally weak. Small positive trends were found in annual total precipitation, daily intensity, maximum number of consecutive dry days and heavy rainfall events particularly during the period 1986–2010. Correlations between indices and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) index suggest that temperature variability and, to a lesser extent, precipitation extremes are related to the AMO signal of the North Atlantic surface sea temperatures: stronger associations are found in August and September for the temperature indices and in June and October for some of the precipitation indices.
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 13
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    The source of topography across the Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: differential exhumation of a North Atlantic rift flank (2019)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉Elevated topography is evident across the continental margins of the Atlantic. The Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, formed as the result of rifting along the Labrador-Baffin margins in the late Mesozoic and is dominated by low relief high elevation topography. Apatite fission track (AFT) analysis of the landscape previously concluded that the area has experienced a differential protracted cooling regime since the Devonian; however, defined periods of cooling and the direct causes of exhumation were unresolved. This work combines the original AFT data with 98 apatite new (U-Th)/He ages from 16 samples and applies the newly developed ‘broken crystals’ technique to provide a greater number of thermal constraints for thermal history modelling to better constrain the topographic evolution. The spatial distribution of AFT and AHe ages implies exhumation has been significant toward the SE (Labrador) coastline, while results of thermal modelling outline three notable periods of cooling in the pre-rift (460 Ma – 200 Ma), from syn-rift to present (120 Ma – 0 Ma) and within post-rift (30 Ma – 0 Ma) stages. Pre-rift cooling is interpreted as the result of exhumation of Laurentia, syn-rift cooling as the result of rift flank uplift to the SE and differential erosion of landscape, while the final post-rift period is likely an artefact of the modelling process. These results suggest the source of the Cumberland Peninsula's modern-day elevated topography is uplift during rifting in the Cretaceous and the isostatic compensation following continuous Mesozoic and Cenozoic differential erosion. This work highlights the how interaction of rift tectonics and isostasy can be the principal source for modern elevated continental margins, while also providing insight into the pre-rift exhumational history of central Laurentia.〈strong〉Supplementary material:〈/strong〉〈a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4528409"〉https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4528409〈/a〉〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 0370-291X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 14
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    The source of topography across the Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada: differential exhumation of a North Atlantic rift flank (2019)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉Elevated topography is evident across the continental margins of the Atlantic. The Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, formed as the result of rifting along the Labrador–Baffin margins in the late Mesozoic and is dominated by low-relief high-elevation topography. Apatite fission-track (AFT) analysis of the landscape previously concluded that the area has experienced a differential protracted cooling regime since the Devonian; however, defined periods of cooling and the direct causes of exhumation were unresolved. This work combines the original AFT data with 98 apatite new (U–Th)/He (AHe) ages from 16 samples and applies the newly developed ‘broken crystals’ technique to provide a greater number of thermal constraints for thermal history modelling to better constrain the topographic evolution. The spatial distribution of AFT and AHe ages implies that exhumation has been significant toward the SE (Labrador) coastline, and results of thermal modelling outline three notable periods of cooling: in the pre-rift stage (460–200 Ma), from synrift stage to present (120–0 Ma) and within the post-rift stage (30–0 Ma). Pre-rift cooling is interpreted as the result of exhumation of Laurentia and synrift cooling as the result of rift-flank uplift to the SE and differential erosion of landscape, whereas the final post-rift period is probably an artefact of the modelling process. These results suggest that the source of the Cumberland Peninsula's modern-day elevated topography is uplift during rifting in the Cretaceous and the isostatic compensation following continuous Mesozoic and Cenozoic differential erosion. This work highlights how interaction of rift tectonics and isostasy can be the principal source for modern elevated continental margins, and also provides insight into the pre-rift exhumational history of central Laurentia.〈strong〉Supplementary material:〈/strong〉 Thermal histories are available at: 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4528409"〉https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4528409〈/a〉〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 0370-291X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 15
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    A 5 ̊C Arctic in a 2 ̊C World (2016)
    Columbia Climate Center, Earth Institute, Columbia University
    In:  EPIC3Technical report, Columbia Climate Center, Earth Institute, Columbia University, 12 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-23
    Description: The Columbia Climate Center, in partnership with World Wildlife Fund, Woods Hole Research Center, and Arctic 21, held a workshop titled A 5 C Arctic in a 2 C World on July 20 and 21, 2016. The workshop was co-sponsored by the International Arctic Research Center (University of Alaska Fairbanks), the Arctic Institute of North America (Canada), the MEOPAR Network (Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction, and Response), and the Future Ocean Excellence Cluster. The goal of the workshop was to advance thinking on the science and policy implications of the temperature change in the context of the 1.5 to 2 C warming expected for the globe, as dis- cussed during the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at Paris in 2015. For the Arctic, such an increase means an antic- ipated increase of roughly 3.5 to 5 C. An international group of 41 experts shared perspectives on the regional and global impacts of an up to +5 C Arctic, examined the feasibility of actively lowering Arctic temperatures, and considered realistic timescales associated with such interventions. The group also discussed the science and the political and governance actions required for alternative Arctic futures.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhizae from Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 6 (1995), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Mycorrhizae ; Arctic-alpine ; Dark septate fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Roots of 40 taxa of higher plants (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta) from two alpine study sites in Denali National Park and Preserve in central Alaska were examined for their mycorrhizal colonization. We observed ectomycorrhizae on six species: Betula nana, Salix reticulata, Salix polaris, Salix arctica, Polygonum viviparum, and Dryas octopetala. Seven taxa, Cassiope tetragona, Empetrum nigrum, Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens, Ledum palustre subsp. groenlandicum, Loiseleuria procumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum and Vaccinium vitis–idaea (all Ericales), had ericoid mycorrhizae. One species, Arctostaphylos alpina, formed a typical arbutoid mycorrhiza. Two species (Sibbaldia procumbens and Aconitum delphinifolium) showed well-developed VA mycorrhizae, whereas three species of plants (Lycopodium clavatum, Silene acaulis and Oxytropis scammaniana) had vesicles, but no arbuscules. The roots of 11 other plants (Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium selago, Silene acaulis, Gentiana algida, Lupinus arcticus, Oxytropis scammaniana, Pedicularis langsdorffii, Pedicularis capitata, Pedicularis verticillata, Artemisia sp. and Carex bigelowii) had a variety of intracellular colonizations which are referred to as dark septate fungi. No mycorrhizae were found on 12 other plants: Equisetum arvense, Equisetum variegatum, Lycopodium alpinum, Polygonum bistorta, Saxifraga hieracifolia, Saxifraga hirculus, Astragalus alpinus, Pedicularis kanei, Petasites frigidus, Carex podocarpa, Carex microchaeta and Poa arctica. A possible ecological role of dark septate fungi is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050101
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENETICS OF THE RAT CT SYSTEM: ITS APPARENT COMPLEXITY IS A CONSEQUENCE OF CROSS-REACTIVITY BETWEEN THE DISTINCT MHC CLASS I ANTIGENS RT1.C AND RT1.A (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 12 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rat CT antigens are a system of medial histocompatibility antigens linked to RT1, the rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC). They have aroused interest firstly because, despite their extreme serological weakness, they are targets for ‘unrestricted’ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL); and secondly because they have appeared to represent a complex genetic system in terms both of the number of genetic loci involved and the number of distinguishable antigenic specificities expressed. The CT system was originally defined by the reactions of LEW anti-F344 (RT1l anti-RT1lvl) secondary in vitro CTL. These CTL reacted strongly on DA(RT1avl) targets, but much more weakly on AUG or PVG (RT1c) targets. We have used the recently derived RT1 recombinant rat strains PVG.R19 (RT1.AavlIavlCc) and PVG.R20 (RT1.AcIcCavl) to investigate the genetic control of this system. Contrary to previous interpretations, the results are consistent with a model in which CT is a single locus, which maps to the RTI.C region. In addition, our results demonstrate that there is cross-reactivity of anti-RT1C CTLs on RT1A products, and we suggest that the earlier placement of a CT locus in the RT1.A region was probably incorrect and a consequence of this cross-reactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1985.tb00836.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth Measurements and the Biological Interpretation of Mammalian Growth (1962)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 196 (1962), S. 1070-1074 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IT has usually been assumed in the past that growth, or the increase in the size of animals, including mammals, is fundamentally some kind of multiplicative process. This concept has been derived from a consideration of the multiplicative nature of cell division, which is found, ideally, in a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1961070a0
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence and Absence of the Pre-Natal Check in Lambs' Birthcoats (1954)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 173 (1954), S. 878-879 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sickle-fibres constitute the most easily perceived evidence of the pre-natal check3-5. Of ten N/ + Aggrade lambs studied in a number of body regions, all had sickle-fibres on the shoulder patch and shoulder, and they were present on several necks, withers, sides and o backs, but not on any ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/173878b0
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific Gravity Changes during the Development of the Sheep Fœtus (1962)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 196 (1962), S. 788-789 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Changes in the specific gravity of the whole foetus with increase in festal age. J, Ram foetuses; $, ewe foetuses; --. least squares regression of specific gravity on age Fœtuses were obtained from fine-wooled, Australian Merino ewes mated to a ram of the same strain, and foetal ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/196788a0
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