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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of cnf1 by Escherichia coli J96 involves a large upstream DNA region including the hlyCABD operon, and is regulated by the RfaH protein (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 47 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Examination of 55 clinical isolates of uropathogenic Escherichia coli producing the CNF1 toxin demonstrated that the cnf1 gene is systematically associated with a hly operon via a highly conserved hlyD-cnf1 intergenic region (igs, 943 bp) as shown in the J96 UPEC strain. We examined if this association could reflect a co-regulation of the production of these toxins. Translation of cnf1 from an immediately upstream promoter has been shown to be controlled by means of an anti-Shine–Dalgarno sequence present in the cnf1 coding sequence [fold-back inhibition (cnf1 fbi)]. The cnf1 fbi was not regulated by elements present in the igs. An RNA covering the full hlyD sequence, the igs and extending on the cnf1 gene, was then detected in the J96 strain. This RNA could be part of a HlyCABD mRNA. Transcription of the haemolysin operon requires RfaH antitermination activity. Inactivation of rfaH in J96 resulted in a 100-fold reduction of the CNF1 content of bacteria. The production of CNF1 from a plasmidic igscnf1 DNA was not sensitive to RfaH, indicating that this factor acted on cnf1 transcription via the hly promoter. This way the cnf1 fbi mechanism might be overcome by transcription of cnf1 from the haemolysin promoter and antitermination by RfaH. This constitutes a novel system of bacterial virulence factors co-regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03391.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BotR/A and TetR are alternative RNA polymerase sigma factors controlling the expression of the neurotoxin and associated protein genes in Clostridium botulinum type A and Clostridium tetani (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Molecular microbiology 55 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani, respectively, produce potent toxins, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeTx), which are responsible for severe diseases, botulism and tetanus. Neurotoxin synthesis is a regulated process in Clostridium. The genes botR/A in C. botulinum A and tetR in C. tetani positively regulate expression of BoNT/A and associated non-toxic proteins (ANTPs), as well as TeTx respectively. The botR/A gene lies in close vicinity of the two operons which contain bont/A and antps genes in C. botulinum A, and tetR immediately precedes the tetX gene in C. tetani. We show that BotR/A and TetR function as specific alternative sigma factors rather than positive regulators based on the following results: (i) BotR/A and TetR associated with target DNAs only in the presence of the RNA polymerase core enzyme (Core), (ii) BotR/A and TetR directly bound with the core enzyme, (iii) BotR/A-Core recognized −35 and −10 regions of ntnh-bont/A promoter and (iv) BotR/A and TetR triggered in vitro transcription from the target promoters. In C. botulinum A, bont/A and antps genes are transcribed as bi- and tricistronic operons controlled by BotR/A. BotR/A and TetR are seemingly related to a new subgroup of the σ70 family that includes TcdR and UviA, which, respectively, regulate production of toxins A and B in C. difficile and bacteriocin in C. perfringens. Sequences of −35 region are highly conserved in the promoter of target toxin genes in C. botulinum, C. tetani, C. difficile and C. perfringens. Overall, a common regulation mechanism probably controls toxin gene expression in these four toxigenic clostridial species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04377.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcytosis of iota-toxin across polarized CaCo-2 cells (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 43 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Iota-toxin from Clostridium perfringens type E is a binary toxin consisting of two independent proteins, an enzymatic Ia and binding Ib component. Ia catalyses ADP-ribosylation of actin monomers, thus disrupting the actin cytoskeleton. In this report, we show that Ia plus Ib applied apically or basolaterally induce a rapid decrease in the transepithelial resistance (TER) of CaCo-2 cell monolayers and disorganization of actin filaments as well as the tight and adherens junctions. Ib alone, on the apical or basolateral side, slowly decreased the TER without affecting the actin cytoskeleton, possibly via pore formation. Interestingly, the two iota-toxin components inoculated separately on each cell surface induced cytopathic effects and a TER decrease. Anti-Ib sera, raised against the whole molecule or the Ia docking domain and applied to the opposite cell side versus Ib, neutralized the TER decrease. In addition, radioactive Ib incubated in the basolateral compartment was detected on the apical side by selective cell surface biotinylation. This argues for a transcytotic routing of Ib to mediate internalization of Ia from the opposite cell surface. Bafilomycin A1 also prevented the cytopathic effects of Ia and Ib applied separately to each cell side, possibly by blocking translocation of Ia into the cytosol and/or the intracellular transport of Ib. Ib is either routed into the cell independently of Ia, trans-cytosed and permanently exposed on the opposite cell surface or continuously recycled between an endosomal compartment and the cell surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02806.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional conservation of the Salmonella and Shigella effectors of entry into epithelial cells (1995)
    Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL, UK : Blackwell Scientific Publication
    Molecular microbiology 17 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A Salmonella typhi chromosomal locus composed of five adjacent genes, designated sipEBCDA, was identified by transposon mutagenesis as being essential for cell invasion. Products of the sip genes exhibit extensive sequence similarities to the effectors of Shigella entry into epithelial cells encoded by the virulence plasmid-borne ipa operon. Expression of sipE and sipB in a Shigella non-invasive ipaB mutant restored the ability to invade epithelial cells. The structural and functional conservation of the Sip and Ipa proteins suggests that Salmonella and Shigella entry processes are promoted by similar effectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17040781.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin shows structural similarity to the pore-forming toxin aerolysin (2004)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural & molecular biology 11 (2004), S. 797-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1545-9985
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] ε-Toxin from Clostridium perfringens is a lethal toxin. Recent studies suggest that the toxin acts via an unusually potent pore-forming mechanism. Here we report the crystal structure of ε-toxin, which reveals structural similarity to aerolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila. Pore-forming ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb804
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From strike-slip faulting to oblique subduction: A survey of the Alpine Fault-Puysegur Trench transition, New Zealand, results of cruise Geodynz-sud leg 2 (1996)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 18 (1996), S. 383-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: New Zealand ; Puysegur Trench ; Puysegur Ridge ; swath bathymetry ; oblique subduction ; strike-slip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Geodynz-sud cruise on board the R/V l'Atalante collected bathymetric, side-scan sonar and seismic reflection data along the obliquely convergent boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates southwest of the South Island, New Zealand. The survey area extended from 44°05′ S to 49°40′ S, covering the transition zone between the offshore extension of the Alpine Fault and the Puysegur Trench and Puysegur Ridge. Based on variations in the nature and structure of the crust on either side of the margin, the plate boundary zone can be divided into three domains with distinctive structural and sedimentary characteristics. The northern domain involves subduction of probably thinned continental crust of the southern Challenger Plateau beneath the continental crust of Fiordland. It is characterized by thick sediments on the downgoing slab and a steep continental slope disrupted by fault scarps and canyons. The middle domain marks the transition between subduction of likely continental and oceanic crust defined by a series of en echelon ridges on the downgoing slab. This domain is characterized by a large collapse terrace on the continental slope which appears to be due to the collision of the en echelon ridges with the plate margin. The southern domain involves subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental and oceanic crust. This domain is characterized by exposed fabric of seafloor spreading on the downgoing slab, a steep inner trench wall and linear ridges and valleys on the Puysegur ridge crest. The data collected on this cruise provide insights into the nature and history of both plates, and factors influencing the distribution of strike-slip and compressive strain and the evolution of subduction processes along a highly oblique convergent margin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286086
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the botulinum neurotoxin C1 gene and its associated non-toxic protein genes in Clostridium botulinum C468 (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 631-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ; Clostridium botulinum ; Botulinum neurotoxin complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 12.3 kb DNA fragment encompassing the botulinum neurotoxin C1 (BoNT/C1) gene and an upstream flanking region was sequenced from Clostridium botulinum C 468 phage 1C. The resulting bont/C1 locus includes six genes which are organized into three transcriptional units. Cluster 1 encompasses the bont/C1 gene and an upstream gene encoding a non-toxic protein associated with the toxin (Antp139/C1). Transcriptional analysis revealed that these two genes form an operon; the bont/C1 gene can be transcribed alone or co-transcribed with antp139/C1. Cluster 2 encompasses three genes (antp33/C1, antp17/C1 and antp70/C1), which also form an operon. The corresponding proteins are similar to components of the hemagglutinin complex associated with BoNT/A and BoNT/B of C. botulinum A and B. In addition, Antp33/C1 is identical to HA-33, an hemagglutinin encoded by C. botulinum C-Stockholm phage C-St; Antp70/C1 displays some relatedness to C. perfringens enterotoxin. The third transcriptional unit consists of orf-22, which encodes a basic protein showing 29% identity with the gene product of uviA, a plasmid-encoded protein of 22 kDa which has been identified as a positive regulator of the bacteriocin production in C. perfringens. Orf-22 could be an effector controlling the expression of the bont/C1 and its antp genes in C. botulinum C 468.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279572
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polynucleotide sequence relatedness among motileAeromonas species (1981)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 5 (1981), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Relatedness among 55 motileAeromonas strains was assessed by determining the extent of reassociation in heterologous DNA preparations. S1 nuclease and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose filters were used to separate reassociated nucleotide sequences from nonreassociated sequences and to determine the thermal stability of related nucleotide sequences. The motile aeromonads would presently consist of three species:A. hydrophila (type strain ATCC 7966),A. caviae (type strain ATCC 15468), andA. sobria (type strain CIP 7433). These three species are clearly separated on the basis of both biochemical characteristics and similarities in DNA. Each of these three species contains more than one hybridization group: three groups inA. hydrophila; two groups inA. caviae; and at least two groups inA. sobria. DNA hybridization groups are biochemically similar within each species. When additional data is available, these separate DNA hybridization groups may merit designation. Any decision to delineate species in terms of DNA hybridization groups must await a phenotypic basis for their separation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567430
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survey of plasmids inClostridium butyricum andClostridium beijerinckii strains from different origins and different phenotypes (1985)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 12 (1985), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 50Clostridium butyricum strains from clinical and nonclinical sources and 14C. beijerinckii strains originating from dairy products were analyzed for their plasmid content, antibiotic resistance, and bacteriocinogenic activity. The incidence of antibiotic resistance and presence of plasmidic DNA was more widespred among theC. butyricum strains from clinical source than among theC. beijerinckii strains, all of the originating from dairy products. In many of theC. butyricum strains, a small plasmid of 4.5 megadaltons was encountered. No relation was found between the plasmid pattern, the antibiotic resistance, the geographic localization of the isolates, or the clinical condition of the patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567668
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  • 20
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    Gangliosides interact with synaptotagmin to form the high-affinity receptor complex for botulinum neurotoxin B (2019)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-20
    Description: Botulinum neurotoxin type B (BoNT/B) recognizes nerve terminals by binding to 2 receptor components: a polysialoganglioside, predominantly GT1b, and synaptotagmin 1/2. It is widely thought that BoNT/B initially binds to GT1b then diffuses in the plane of the membrane to interact with synaptotagmin. We have addressed the hypothesis that a GT1b–synaptotagmin cis complex forms the BoNT/B receptor. We identified a consensus glycosphingolipid-binding motif in the extracellular juxtamembrane domain of synaptotagmins 1/2 and confirmed by Langmuir monolayer, surface plasmon resonance, and circular dichroism that GT1b interacts with synaptotagmin peptides containing this sequence, inducing α-helical structure. Molecular modeling and tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy were consistent with the intertwining of GT1b and synaptotagmin, involving cis interactions between the oligosaccharide and ceramide moieties of GT1b and the juxtamembrane and transmembrane domains of synaptotagmin, respectively. Furthermore, a point mutation on synaptotagmin, located outside of the BoNT/B-binding segment, inhibited GT1b binding and blocked GT1b-induced potentiation of BoNT/B binding to synaptotagmin-expressing cells. Our findings are consistent with a model in which a preassembled GT1b–synaptotagmin complex constitutes the high-affinity BoNT/B receptor.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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