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  • 11
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    Vector wind, horizontal divergence, wind stress and wind stress curl from SEASAT-SASS at one degree resolution (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Conventional data obtained in 1983 are contrasted with SEASAT-A scatterometer and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) data to show how observations at a single station can be extended to an area of about 150,000 square km by means of remotely sensed data obtained in nine minutes. Superobservations at a one degree resolution for the vector winds were estimated along with their standard deviations. From these superobservations, the horizontal divergence, vector wind stress, and the curl of the wind stress can be found. Weather forecasting theory is discussed and meteorological charts of the North Pacific Ocean are presented. Synoptic meteorology as a technique is examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 557-566
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 12
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    A Monte Carlo comparison of the recovery of winds near upwind and downwind from the SASS-1 model function by means of the sum of squares algorithm and a maximum likelihood estimator (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Backscatter measurements at upwind and crosswind are simulated for five incidence angles by means of the SASS-1 model function. The effects of communication noise and attitude errors are simulated by Monte Carlo methods, and the winds are recovered by both the Sum of Square (SOS) algorithm and a Maximum Likelihood Estimater (MLE). The SOS algorithm is shown to fail for light enough winds at all incidence angles and to fail to show areas of calm because backscatter estimates that were negative or that produced incorrect values of K sub p greater than one were discarded. The MLE performs well for all input backscatter estimates and returns calm when both are negative. The use of the SOS algorithm is shown to have introduced errors in the SASS-1 model function that, in part, cancel out the errors that result from using it, but that also cause disagreement with other data sources such as the AAFE circle flight data at light winds. Implications for future scatterometer systems are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-3839 , NAS 1.26:3839
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 13
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    The measurement of the synoptic scale wind over the ocean (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of mesoscale and microscale fluctuations of the winds on the determination of the synoptic scale wind are studied in order to show the effects of mesoscale variability on the verification of wind forecasts and on the comparison of remotely sensed and anemometer-averaged winds, and to show how to measure the synoptic wind scale more accurately. The frequencies involved correspond to periods longer than one hour and extend to the microscale. Nondimensional spectra that span both the mesoscale and the microscale are derived. Both conventional anemometer averages and remotely sensed winds contain a random component of the mesoscale wind in their values. These components are differences and not errors when winds are compared, and quantitative values for these differences are given. Ways of improving the measurement of the synoptic scale wind by transient ships, data buoys, and scatterometers on future spacecraft are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Feb. 28
    Format: text
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  • 14
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    Highlights of the SEASAT-SASS program - A review (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Some important concepts of the SEASAT-SASS program are described and some of the decisions made during the program as to methods for relating wind to backscatter are discussed. The radar scatterometer design is analyzed along with the model function, which is an empirical relationship between the backscatter value and the wind speed, wind direction, and incidence angle of the radar beam with the sea surface. The results of Monte Carlo studies of mesoscale turbulence and of studies of wind stress on the sea surface involving SASS are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Format: text
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  • 15
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    The elevation, slope, and curvature spectra of a wind roughened sea surface (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The elevation, slope and curvature spectra are defined as a function of wave number and depend on the friction velocity. There are five wave number ranges of definition called the gravity wave-gravity equilibrium range, the isotropic turbulence range, the connecting range due to Leykin Rosenberg, the capillary range, and the viscous cutoff range. The higher wave number ranges are strongly wind speed dependent, and there is no equilibrium (or saturated) capillary range, at least for winds up to 30 meters/sec. Some properties of the angular variation of the spectra are also found. For high wave numbers, especially in the capillary range, the results are shown to be consistent with the Rayleigh-Rice backscattering theory (Bragg scattering), and certain properties of the angular variation are deduced from backscatter measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-2247
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
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    Preliminary S-193 RADSCAT oceanographic data for Skylab 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10525 , NASA-CR-138274 , CRES-TM-254-3
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  • 17
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    Preliminary analysis of Skylab RADSCAT results over the ocean (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Preliminary observations at 13.9 GHz of the radar backscatter and microwave emission from the sea were analyzed using data obtained by the radiometer scatterometer on Skylab. Results indicate approximately a square-law relationship between differential scattering coefficient and windspeed at angles of 40 deg to 50 deg, after correction for directional effect, over a range from about 4 up to about 25 meters/sec. The brightness temperature response was also observed, and considerable success was achieved in correcting it for atmospheric attenuation and emission. Measurements were made in June, 1973, over Hurricane Ava off the west coast of Mexico and over relatively calm conditions in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA-CR-141454 , RSL-TR-254-2 , CUNY-43
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 18
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    The integration of remote sensing data into global weather prediction, wave forecasting, and ocean circulation computer based systems (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from infrared imaging systems and satellite infrared spectrometer (SIRS) for determining sea surface temperature and the atmospheric structure in cloudless areas over the oceans are discussed. Although some interpretations differ, it is clear that simultaneous measurements of radar sea return and passive microwave temperature will provide estimates of the wind speed, and perhaps wind direction, over the oceans, especially in cloudless areas, for a wide range of wind speeds. The problem of integrating the data that would be obtained by a spacecraft, especially one with a combination radar-radiometer, into global analysis procedures for meteorological, wave, and oceanographic predictions is described.
    Keywords: COMPUTERS
    Type: CONTRIB-98 , NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 27 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 19
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    Skylab S193 and the analysis of the wind field over the ocean (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present status of the program to provide proof of concept for the idea that simultaneously observed radar scattering cross section measurements and passive microwave measurements can be used to determine the winds in the planetary boundary layer over the ocean, is given. The role of S193 in Skylab is providing the final clinching proof that an operational instrument will obtain data of great value to both meteorology and oceanography is described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY
    Type: CONTRIB-118 , NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 20 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 20
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    Preliminary report on Skylab S-193 Radscat measurements of Hurricane Ava (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The Skylab RADSCAT instrument S-193 was operated on 6 June 1973 while the spacecraft flew past Hurricane Ava in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Scatterometer returns at all polarizations and radiometer measurements were obtained from a section through the storm with winds up to 48 knots at 52 deg incident angle and 35 knots at 45.5 deg incident angle. These first hurricane scatterometer measurements indicate reasonable correlation between wind speed and backscatter, with horizontal response much stronger than the vertical response at 52 deg. Each of the sections through the hurricane contains an as yet unexplained dip in cross section at a point 200 to 300 km prior to passing the eye. The response at a point where the radiometer signal's dramatic increase indicates strong rain is also accompanied by a strong increase in the backscattered signal. No attempt has been made to make a thorough correlation of radiometric response with wind speed, but the atmospheric contribution to the radiometer signal is quite apparent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E73-11062 , NASA-CR-135518 , CUNY-UIO-23 , KU-RSL-254-1
    Format: application/pdf
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