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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2016-02-21
    Description: Bright, circularly polarized, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray high-harmonic beams can now be produced using counter-rotating circularly polarized driving laser fields. Although the resulting circularly polarized harmonics consist of relatively simple pairs of peaks in the spectral domain, in the time domain, the field is predicted to emerge as a complex series of rotating linearly polarized bursts, varying rapidly in amplitude, frequency, and polarization. We extend attosecond metrology techniques to circularly polarized light by simultaneously irradiating a copper surface with circularly polarized high-harmonic and linearly polarized infrared laser fields. The resulting temporal modulation of the photoelectron spectra carries essential phase information about the EUV field. Utilizing the polarization selectivity of the solid surface and by rotating the circularly polarized EUV field in space, we fully retrieve the amplitude and phase of the circularly polarized harmonics, allowing us to reconstruct one of the most complex coherent light fields produced to date.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2016-03-02
    Description: Author(s): A. P. Cohen, S. Dorosz, A. B. Schofield, T. Schilling, and E. Sloutskin A thermodynamically equilibrated fluid of hard spheroids is a simple model of liquid matter. In this model, the coupling between the rotational degrees of freedom of the constituent particles and their translations may be switched off by a continuous deformation of a spheroid of aspect ratio t into … [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 098001] Published Tue Mar 01, 2016
    Keywords: Polymer, Soft Matter, Biological, and Interdisciplinary Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-02-02
    Description: Imprinted genes are expressed primarily or exclusively from either the maternal or paternal allele, a phenomenon that occurs in flowering plants and mammals. Flowering plant imprinted gene expression has been described primarily in endosperm, a terminal nutritive tissue consumed by the embryo during seed development or after germination. Imprinted expression in Arabidopsis thaliana endosperm is orchestrated by differences in cytosine DNA methylation between the paternal and maternal genomes as well as by Polycomb group proteins. Currently, only 11 imprinted A. thaliana genes are known. Here, we use extensive sequencing of cDNA libraries to identify 9 paternally expressed and 34 maternally expressed imprinted genes in A. thaliana endosperm that are regulated by the DNA-demethylating glycosylase DEMETER, the DNA methyltransferase MET1, and/or the core Polycomb group protein FIE. These genes encode transcription factors, proteins involved in hormone signaling, components of the ubiquitin protein degradation pathway, regulators of histone and DNA methylation, and small RNA pathway proteins. We also identify maternally expressed genes that may be regulated by unknown mechanisms or deposited from maternal tissues. We did not detect any imprinted genes in the embryo. Our results show that imprinted gene expression is an extensive mechanistically complex phenomenon that likely affects multiple aspects of seed development.
    Keywords: Inaugural Articles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: Delineating the molecular basis of individual differences in the stress response is critical to understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, 7 d after predator-scent-stress (PSS) exposure, male and female rats were classified into vulnerable (i.e., “PTSD-like”) and resilient (i.e., minimally affected) phenotypes on...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Television viewing and aggressive behavior were assessed over a 17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals. There was a significant association between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood and the likelihood of subsequent aggressive acts against others. This association remained significant after previous aggressive behavior, childhood neglect, family income, neighborhood violence, parental education, and psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Jeffrey G -- Cohen, Patricia -- Smailes, Elizabeth M -- Kasen, Stephanie -- Brook, Judith S -- DA-03188/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH-36971/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. jjohnso@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aggression ; Child Abuse ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Interviews as Topic ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mental Disorders ; Sex Characteristics ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Television ; Theft ; Time Factors ; *Violence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapin, Douglas M -- Cohen, Karl P -- Davis, W Kenneth -- Kintner, Edwin E -- Koch, Leonard J -- Landis, John W -- Levenson, Milton -- Mandil, I Harry -- Pate, Zack T -- Rockwell, Theodore -- Schriesheim, Alan -- Simpson, John W -- Squire, Alexander -- Starr, Chauncey -- Stone, Henry E -- Taylor, John J -- Todreas, Neil E -- Wolfe, Bertram -- Zebroski, Edwin L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):1997-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MPR Associates, Inc., Alexandria, VA 22314-3230, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Nuclear Energy ; *Nuclear Reactors ; *Power Plants ; Radioactive Hazard Release ; *Safety ; *Terrorism ; Ukraine ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1998-09-25
    Description: Phosphorylation sites in members of the protein kinase A (PKA), PKG, and PKC kinase subfamily are conserved. Thus, the PKB kinase PDK1 may be responsible for the phosphorylation of PKC isotypes. PDK1 phosphorylated the activation loop sites of PKCzeta and PKCdelta in vitro and in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-dependent manner in vivo in human embryonic kidney (293) cells. All members of the PKC family tested formed complexes with PDK1. PDK1-dependent phosphorylation of PKCdelta in vitro was stimulated by combined PKC and PDK1 activators. The activation loop phosphorylation of PKCdelta in response to serum stimulation of cells was PI 3-kinase-dependent and was enhanced by PDK1 coexpression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Le Good, J A -- Ziegler, W H -- Parekh, D B -- Alessi, D R -- Cohen, P -- Parker, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 25;281(5385):2042-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9748166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Chromones/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/*metabolism ; Morpholines/pharmacology ; Phosphatidylcholines/pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates ; Phosphatidylserines/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinase C/*metabolism ; Protein Kinase C beta ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: In the three decades since pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were first described they have been derived and maintained by using various empirical combinations of feeder cells, conditioned media, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, fetal calf serum, and serum extracts. Consequently ES-cell self-renewal is generally considered to be dependent on multifactorial stimulation of dedicated transcriptional circuitries, pre-eminent among which is the activation of STAT3 by cytokines (ref. 8). Here we show, however, that extrinsic stimuli are dispensable for the derivation, propagation and pluripotency of ES cells. Self-renewal is enabled by the elimination of differentiation-inducing signalling from mitogen-activated protein kinase. Additional inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 consolidates biosynthetic capacity and suppresses residual differentiation. Complete bypass of cytokine signalling is confirmed by isolating ES cells genetically devoid of STAT3. These findings reveal that ES cells have an innate programme for self-replication that does not require extrinsic instruction. This property may account for their latent tumorigenicity. The delineation of minimal requirements for self-renewal now provides a defined platform for the precise description and dissection of the pluripotent state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ying, Qi-Long -- Wray, Jason -- Nichols, Jennifer -- Batlle-Morera, Laura -- Doble, Bradley -- Woodgett, James -- Cohen, Philip -- Smith, Austin -- 12043/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- 12858/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- G15381/2/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9806702/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U127084348/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 May 22;453(7194):519-23. doi: 10.1038/nature06968.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI 529, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA. qying@keck.usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Benzamides/pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Diphenylamine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Regeneration/drug effects/*physiology ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/deficiency/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: Leptin elicits a metabolic response that cannot be explained by its anorectic effects alone. To examine the mechanism underlying leptin's metabolic actions, we used transcription profiling to identify leptin-regulated genes in ob/ob liver. Leptin was found to specifically repress RNA levels and enzymatic activity of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), which catalyzes the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. Mice lacking SCD-1 were lean and hypermetabolic. ob/ob mice with mutations in SCD-1 were significantly less obese than ob/ob controls and had markedly increased energy expenditure. ob/ob mice with mutations in SCD-1 had histologically normal livers with significantly reduced triglyceride storage and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) production. These findings suggest that down-regulation of SCD-1 is an important component of leptin's metabolic actions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Paul -- Miyazaki, Makoto -- Socci, Nicholas D -- Hagge-Greenberg, Aaron -- Liedtke, Wolfgang -- Soukas, Alexander A -- Sharma, Ratnendra -- Hudgins, Lisa C -- Ntambi, James M -- Friedman, Jeffrey M -- GM07739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-DK41096/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):240-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, Rogosin Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114623" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Weight ; Crosses, Genetic ; Down-Regulation ; Eating ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Leptin/genetics/*physiology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids/analysis ; Lipoproteins, VLDL/metabolism ; Liver/*enzymology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Microsomes, Liver/enzymology ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oxygen Consumption ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase/genetics/*metabolism ; Vacuoles/chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Weight Loss
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: Recent advances in adaptive optics (AO) have led to the implementation of wide field-of-view AO systems. A number of wide-field AO systems are also planned for the forthcoming Extremely Large Telescopes. Such systems have multiple wavefront sensors of different types, and usually multiple deformable mirrors (DMs). Here, we report on our experience integrating cameras and DMs with the real-time control systems of two wide-field AO systems. These are CANARY, which has been operating on-sky since 2010, and DRAGON, which is a laboratory AO real-time demonstrator instrument. We detail the issues and difficulties that arose, along with the solutions we developed. We also provide recommendations for consideration when developing future wide-field AO systems.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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