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  • 11
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    An apparatus to measure frictional, anelastic, and viscous behavior in ice at temperate and planetary conditions (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-01
    Description: In this paper, we describe a cryogenic, servo-controlled biaxial friction apparatus designed to measure the deformational behaviors of ice. The apparatus is specifically designed to accurately achieve and measure the low differential stresses applicable to deforming ice on earth and on icy satellites. We can apply loads in the range ∼2–1800 kPa and velocities up to 4 mm/s, with resolution of 39 Pa and 0.7 μm, respectively. Precise temperature control, measurement, and insulation allow testing at constant temperature (from −2 to −30 °C) for prolonged periods of time. The apparatus is tested with various plastics as well as with polycrystalline ice samples and the results are consistent with previously published values. Critical components of the instrument are described along with examples of data collection schemes and preliminary results. The flexibility of the design allows for both glaciological and planetary applications over a range of deformational behaviors including friction, anelastic, and viscous.
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 12
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    Developing an action concept inventory (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-28
    Description: Author(s): Lachlan P. McGinness and C. M. Savage A new concept inventory to measure introductory student understanding of classical action physics. [Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 12, 010133] Published Thu May 26, 2016
    Electronic ISSN: 1554-9178
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 13
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    Frequency dependence of delayed and instantaneous triggering on laboratory and simulated faults governed by rate-state friction (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-24
    Description: Earthquake triggering by transient stresses is commonly observed, however some aspects remain unexplained. The first is the often-observed delay between the triggered earthquakes and the triggering waves, and the second is the unexpected effectiveness of transient stressing in the seismic frequency band. Previous theoretical and laboratory studies have suggested that seismic transients should have little impact on faults if the duration of the transient is smaller than the timescale for nucleation of slip. We re-examine the dynamics of stress triggering during stick–slip sliding on a laboratory fault and make three important observations that pertain to earthquake triggering. 1) Delayed triggering (clock advance) occurs for both bare granite surfaces and granular gouge prior to the onset of instantaneous triggering. 2) Triggering occurs much earlier in the stick–slip cycle than expected for a simple Coulomb stress threshold. 3) Shorter-period (higher stressing rate) pulses are more effective at triggering than longer-period pulses of the same stress amplitude. We use numerical simulations to show that rate-state friction can explain each of the observed features, but not all three simultaneously. Only the Ruina slip law for state evolution, in which faults must slip to heal, can reproduce early-onset and stressing rate-dependent triggering. The laboratory and numerical experiments show that faults can remain relatively weak over much of the seismic cycle, and that the triggered response depends on a competition between healing and weakening during triggered slip. Transient stressing at seismic frequencies may be more effective at triggering earthquakes than previously recognized.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 14
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    Habitat and species identity, not diversity, predict the extent of refuse consumption by urban arthropods (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Description: Urban green spaces provide ecosystem services to city residents, but their management is hindered by a poor understanding of their ecology. We examined a novel ecosystem service relevant to urban public health and esthetics: the consumption of littered food waste by arthropods. Theory and data from natural systems suggest that the magnitude and resilience of this service should increase with biological diversity. We measured food removal by presenting known quantities of cookies, potato chips, and hot dogs in street medians (24 sites) and parks (21 sites) in New York City, USA. At the same sites, we assessed ground-arthropod diversity and abiotic conditions, including history of flooding during Hurricane Sandy 7 months prior to the study. Arthropod diversity was greater in parks (on average 11 hexapod families and 4.7 ant species per site), than in medians (nine hexapod families and 2.7 ant species per site). However, counter to our diversity-based prediction, arthropods in medians removed 2–3 times more food per day than did those in parks. We detected no effect of flooding (at 19 sites) on this service. Instead, greater food removal was associated with the presence of the introduced pavement ant ( Tetramorium sp. E) and with hotter, drier conditions that may have increased arthropod metabolism. When vertebrates also had access to food, more was removed, indicating that arthropods and vertebrates compete for littered food. We estimate that arthropods alone could remove 4–6.5 kg of food per year in a single street median, reducing its availability to less desirable fauna such as rats. Our results suggest that species identity and habitat may be more relevant than diversity for predicting urban ecosystem services. Even small green spaces such as street medians provide ecosystem services that may complement those of larger habitat patches across the urban landscape.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 15
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    Penetrating Radiography of Imploding and Stagnating Beryllium Liners on the Z Accelerator (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-29
    Description: Author(s): R. D. McBride, S. A. Slutz, C. A. Jennings, D. B. Sinars, M. E. Cuneo, M. C. Herrmann, R. W. Lemke, M. R. Martin, R. A. Vesey, K. J. Peterson, A. B. Sefkow, C. Nakhleh, B. E. Blue, K. Killebrew, D. Schroen, T. J. Rogers, A. Laspe, M. R. Lopez, I. C. Smith, B. W. Atherton, M. Savage, W. A. Stygar, and J. L. Porter The implosions of initially solid beryllium liners (tubes) have been imaged with penetrating radiography through to stagnation. These novel radiographic data reveal a high degree of azimuthal correlation in the evolving magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor structure at times just prior to (and during) stagnation... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 135004] Published Fri Sep 28, 2012
    Keywords: Plasma and Beam Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 16
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    Seismology: Taking it slow (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-30
    Description: Nature Geoscience 8, 823 (2015). doi:10.1038/ngeo2565 Author: Heather M. Savage The 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake ruptured part of a fault that typically slips in slow, transient events. Laboratory experiments show that when fault rocks are sheared at slow, plate tectonic speeds, the fault can slip either quickly or slowly.
    Print ISSN: 1752-0894
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-0908
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 17
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    Janus-faced liposomes enhance anti-MTB response [Immunology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-23
    Description: We have generated unique asymmetric liposomes with phosphatidylserine (PS) distributed at the outer membrane surface to resemble apoptotic bodies and phosphatidic acid (PA) at the inner layer as a strategy to enhance innate antimycobacterial activity in phagocytes while limiting the inflammatory response. Results show that these apoptotic body-like liposomes carrying PA (ABL/PA) (i) are more efficiently internalized by human macrophages than by nonprofessional phagocytes, (ii) induce cytosolic Ca2+ influx, (iii) promote Ca2+-dependent maturation of phagolysosomes containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), (iv) induce Ca2+-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, (v) inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth in differentiated THP-1 cells as well as in type-1 and -2 human macrophages, and (vi) down-regulate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-23 and up-regulate transforming growth factor (TGF)-β without altering IL-10, IL-27, and IL-6 mRNA expression. Also, ABL/PA promoted intracellular killing of M. tuberculosis in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Furthermore, the treatment of MTB-infected mice with ABL/PA, in combination or not with isoniazid (INH), dramatically reduced lung and, to a lesser extent, liver and spleen mycobacterial loads, with a concomitant 10-fold reduction of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ compared with that in untreated mice. Altogether, these results suggest that apoptotic body-like liposomes may be used as a Janus-faced immunotherapeutic platform to deliver polar secondary lipid messengers, such as PA, into phagocytes to improve and recover phagolysosome biogenesis and pathogen killing while limiting the inflammatory response.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 18
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    Collateral damage: Evolution with displacement of fracture distribution and secondary fault strands in fault damage zones (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-31
    Description: We investigate the development of fracture distributions as a function of displacement to determine whether damage around small and large faults is governed by the same process. Based on our own field work combined with data from the literature, we find that (1) isolated single faults with small displacements have macrofracture densities that decay as r−0.8, where r is distance from the fault plane, (2) mature fault damage zones can be interpreted as a superposition of these r−0.8 decays from secondary fault strands, resulting in an apparently more gradual decay with distance, and (3) a change in apparent decay and fault zone thickness becomes evident in faults that have displaced more than ∼150 m. This last observation is consistent with a stochastic model where strand formation is related to the number of fractures within the damage zone, which in turn is a function of displacement. These three observations together suggest that the apparent break in scaling between small and large faults is due to the nucleation of secondary faults and not a change in process.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 19
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    Cerebrovascular endothelial cells form transient Notch‐dependent cystic structures in zebrafish (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The endothelial cells of the cranial vasculature in zebrafish extrude transient spherical structures termed “kugeln” after the German for sphere. Kugeln only form on cerebral vessels and are highly reactive for nitric oxide but their function is currently unknown. Abstract We identify a novel endothelial membrane behaviour in transgenic zebrafish. Cerebral blood vessels extrude large transient spherical structures that persist for an average of 23 min before regressing into the parent vessel. We term these structures “kugeln”, after the German for sphere. Kugeln are only observed arising from the cerebral vessels and are present as late as 28 days post fertilization. Kugeln do not communicate with the vessel lumen and can form in the absence of blood flow. They contain little or no cytoplasm, but the majority are highly positive for nitric oxide reactivity. Kugeln do not interact with brain lymphatic endothelial cells (BLECs) and can form in their absence, nor do they perform a scavenging role or interact with macrophages. Inhibition of actin polymerization, Myosin II, or Notch signalling reduces kugel formation, while inhibition of VEGF or Wnt dysregulation (either inhibition or activation) increases kugel formation. Kugeln represent a novel Notch‐dependent NO‐containing endothelial organelle restricted to the cerebral vessels, of currently unknown function.
    Print ISSN: 1469-221X
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-3178
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature on behalf of The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).
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  • 20
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    Biomarker Thermal Maturity Reveals Localized Temperature Rise from Paleoseismic Slip along the Punchbowl Fault, CA, USA (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The Punchbowl fault, California, USA, is an example of a simple fault zone that has a relatively narrow fault core with further slip localization to principal slip zones. We sampled the principal slip zone, fault core, and wall rocks, as well as conducted hydrous pyrolysis experiments to analyze biomarker thermal maturity within the Punchbowl fault. Using biomarker maturity as a proxy for temperature rise, we show that the existing principal slip zone experienced greater temperature rise than the surrounding fault core and wall rock, and therefore we infer that earthquake slip localized along this layer. Furthermore, evidence of slight thermal maturity within the ultracataclasite suggests that the fault core is made up at least in part of reworked former principal slip zones. Using a wide range of possible layer thicknesses, we find that the maximum temperature range during a single earthquake could have varied from ~460‐1060 °C at 1 m/s slip velocity. However, not all samples from within the principal slip zone show a temperature rise, indicating that either layer thickness, slip, or shear stress varied during slip. Our temperature estimate also allows us to constrain the frictional energy dissipated during the earthquake to 2.2‐25 MJ/m2. Our study demonstrates that localized slip structures can be directly linked to seismicity, and that small changes in earthquake or fault parameters can lead to changes in temperature (and likely fault strength) at small scales.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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