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  • 11
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    Temperature histories of commercial flights at severe conditions from GASP data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The thermal environment of commercial aircraft from a data set gathered during the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) is studied. The data set covers a four-year period of measurements. The report presents plots of airplane location and speed and atmospheric temperature as functions of elapsed time for 35 extreme-condition flights, selected by minimum values of several temperature parameters. One of these parameters, the severity factor, is an approximation of the in-flight wing-tank temperature. Representative low-severity-factor flight histories may be useful for actual temperature-profile inputs to design and research studies. Comparison of the GASP atmospheric temperatures to interpolated temperatures from National Meteorological Center and Global Weather Central analysis fields shows that the analysis temperatures are slightly biased toward warmer than actual temperatures, particularly over oceans and at extreme conditions.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: NASA-CR-168247 , NAS 1.26:168247
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    A comparison of NMC and GWC analysis field temperatures with aircraft measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Comparison between in situ aircraft observations of temperature and National Meteorological Center and Global Weather Central analysis fields of temperature is presented for a continental and oceanic flight route. The standard deviations of the temperature differences over several hundred flights are found to be 2.5 and 3.5 C for the continental and oceanic route, respectively. A bias towards warm temperatures of about 0.85 C for the analysis fields was found for the oceanic route. Only small differences are found between the NMC and GWC analysis field temperatures.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1421-142
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
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    Flight summaries and temperature climatology at airliner cruise altitudes from GASP (Global Atmospheric Sampling Program) data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Temperature data obtained by the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) during the period March 1975 to July 1979 are compiled to form flight summaries of static air temperature and a geographic temperature climatology. The flight summaries include the height and location of the coldest observed temperature and the mean flight level, temperature and the standard deviation of temperature for each flight as well as for flight segments. These summaries are ordered by route and month. The temperature climatology was computed for all statistically independent temperture data for each flight. The grid used consists of 5 deg latitude, 30 deg longitude and 2000 feet vertical resolution from FL270 to FL430 for each month of the year. The number of statistically independent observations, their mean, standard deviation and the empirical 98, 50, 16, 2 and .3 probability percentiles are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-168106 , NAS 1.26:168106
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
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    A feasibility study for measuring stratospheric turbulence using metrac positioning system (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of obtaining measurements of Lagrangian turbulence at stratospheric altitudes is demonstrated by using the METRAC System to track constant-level balloons. The basis for current estimates of diffusion coefficients are reviewed and it is pointed out that insufficient data is available upon which to base reliable estimates of vertical diffusion coefficients. It is concluded that diffusion coefficients could be directly obtained from Lagrangian turbulence measurements. The METRAC balloon tracking system is shown to possess the necessary precision in order to resolve the response of constant-level balloons to turbulence at stratospheric altitudes. A small sample of data recorded from a tropospheric tetroon flight tracked by the METRAC System is analyzed to obtain estimates of small-scale three-dimensional diffusion coefficients. It is recommended that this technique be employed to establish a climatology of diffusion coefficients and to ascertain the variation of these coefficients with altitude, season, and latitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-137675
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
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    GASP cloud- and particle-encounter statistics and their application to LPC aircraft studies. Volume 1: Analysis and conclusions (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Summary studies are presented for the entire cloud observation archieve from the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). Studies are also presented for GASP particle concentration data gathered concurrently with the cloud observations. Cloud encounters are shown on about 15 percent of the data samples overall, but the probability of cloud encounter is shown to vary significantly with altitude, latitude, and distance from the tropopause. Several meteorological circulation features are apparent in the latitudinal distribution of cloud cover, and the cloud encounter statistics are shown to be consistent with the classical mid-latitude cyclone model. Observations of clouds spaced more closely than 90 minutes are shown to be statistically dependent. The statistics for cloud and particle encounter are utilized to estimate the frequency of cloud encounter on long range airline routes, and to assess the probability and extent of laminar flow loss due to cloud or particle encounter by aircraft utilizing laminar flow control (LFC). It is shown that the probability of extended cloud encounter is too low, of itself, to make LFC impractical.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85835-VOL-1 , L-15789-VOL-1 , NAS 1.15:85835-VOL-1
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
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    Diffusion coefficients estimated from turbulence data measured by the Metrac positioning system in Minneapolis field test (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An analysis is presented of the tropospheric turbulence data obtained by the Metrac positioning system, a radio location system which employs the Doppler principle to track inexpensive expendable balloon-borne transmitters. A Minneapolis field test of the Metrac system provided one-second samples of transmitter frequency from balloons tracked by four ground stations for more than an hour. The derivation of diffusion coefficients from the turbulence data was conducted by two methods, yielding highly consistent results.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion, and Air Quality; Oct 19, 1976 - Oct 22, 1976; Raleigh, NC
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
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    Cloud encounter statistics in the 28.5-43.5 KFT altitude region from four years of GASP observations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results of an analysis of cloud encounter measurements taken at aircraft flight altitudes as part of the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program are summarized. The results can be used in estimating the probability of cloud encounter and in assessing the economic feasibility of laminar flow control aircraft along particular routes. The data presented clearly show the tropical circulation and its seasonal migration; characteristics of the mid-latitude regime, such as the large-scale traveling cyclones in the winter and increased convective activity in the summer, can be isolated in the data. The cloud encounter statistics are shown to be consistent with the mid-latitude cyclone model. A model for TIC (time-in-clouds), a cloud encounter statistic, is presented for several common airline routes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Aerospace and Aeronautical Meteorology; Jun 06, 1983 - Jun 09, 1983; Omaha, NE
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    GASP cloud- and particle-encounter statistics and their application to LFC aircraft studies. Volume 2: Appendixes (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Summary studies are presented for the entire cloud observation archive from the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP). Studies are also presented for GASP particle-concentration data gathered concurrently with the cloud observations. Cloud encounters are shown on about 15 percent of the data samples overall, but the probability of cloud encounter is shown to vary significantly with altitude, latitude, and distance from the tropopause. Several meteorological circulation features are apparent in the latitudinal distribution of cloud cover, and the cloud-encounter statistics are shown to be consistent with the classical mid-latitude cyclone model. Observations of clouds spaced more closely than 90 minutes are shown to be statistically dependent. The statistics for cloud and particle encounter are utilized to estimate the frequency of cloud encounter on long-range airline routes, and to assess the probability and extent of laminaar flow loss due to cloud or particle encounter by aircraft utilizing laminar flow control (LFC). It is shown that the probability of extended cloud encounter is too low, of itself, to make LFC impractical. This report is presented in two volumes. Volume I contains the narrative, analysis, and conclusions. Volume II contains five supporting appendixes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-85835-VOL-2 , L-15789-VOL-2 , NAS 1.15:85835-VOL-2
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
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    Further study of terrain effects on the mesoscale spectrum of atmospheric motions (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Wind and temperature data collected on commercial airliners are used to investigate the effects of underlying terrain on mesoscale variability. These results expand upon those of Nastrom et al., by including all available data from the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) and by more closely focusing on the coupling of variance with the roughness of the underlying terrain over mountainous regions. The earlier results, showing that variances are larger over mountains than over oceans or plains, with greatest increases at wavelengths below about 80 km, are confirmed. Statistical tests are used to confirm that these differences are highly significant. Over mountainous regions the roughness of the underlying terrain was parameterized from topographic data and it was found that variances are highly correlated with roughness and, in the troposphere, with background windspeed. Average variances over the roughest terrain areas range up to about ten times larger than those over the oceans. These results are found to follow the scaling with stability predicted in the framework of linenar gravity wave theory. The implications of these results for vertical transports of momentum and energy, assuming they are due to gravity waves and considering the effects of intermittency and anisotroy, are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 47; 979-987
    Format: text
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