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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans (ATCC 9245 and ATCC 36112) were grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth and screened for the ability to metabolize the ethanolamine-type antihistamine diphenhydramine. Based on the amount of parent drug recovered after 7 days incubation, both C. elegans strains metabolized approximately 74% of the diphenhydramine, 58% of this being identified as organic extractable metabolites. The organic extractable metabolites were isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by analyzing their mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DCIMS) with deuterated ammonia was used to differentiate possible isobaric diphenhydramine metabolites and to probe the mechanisms of ion formation under ammonia DCIMS conditions. C. elegans transformed diphenhydramine by demethylation, oxidation, and N-acetylation. The major metabolites observed were diphenhydramine-N-oxide (3%), N-desmethyldiphenhydramine (30%), N-acetyldidesmethyldiphenhydramine (13%), and N-acetyl-N-desmethyldiphenhydramine (12%). These compounds are known mammalian metabolites of diphenhydramine and may be useful for further toxicological studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: thiamine (vitaminB 1) ; pregnancy ; intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) ; Thiamin (Vitamin B1) ; Schwangerschaft ; intrauterineMangelentwicklung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt an Thiamin (Vitamin B1) wurde im mütterlichen Blut jeweils in den Blutzellen und im Plasma bei normalem Schwangerschaftsverlauf und bei Schwangerschaft mit intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung des Feten bestimmt. Die Bestimmung der Thiaminkonzentration erfolgte mit der Thiochrom-Methode mittels HPLC-Trennung und anschließender fluorimetrischer Bestimmung nach der Methode von Weber et al. (2). Bei normalem Schwangerschaftsverlauf ist ein Abfall des Thiamingehalts in den Blutzellen von 230 nmol/l bis 170 nmol/l von der 28. bis zur 39. Schwangerschaftswoche zu beobachten. Bei schwerer intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung ist nur ein geringer Abfall des Thiamingehaltes von 140 nmol/l in der 30. Schwangerschaftswoche bis zu einem Gehalt von 130 nmol/l in der 39. Schwangerschaftswoche zu beobachten. Demgegenüber bleiben die Thiaminwerte in Plasma annähernd konstant. Um die Thiaminkonzentrationen bei normaler Schwangerschaft und bei schwerer intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung zu vergleichen, führten wir eine Einteilung in zwei Gruppen — eine von 28/0 bis 34/6 und eine von 35/0 bis 39/6 Schwangerschaftswochen durch. In beiden Gruppen waren die Thiaminwerte in den Blutzellen bei normaler Schwangerschaft signifikant höher als bei intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung (p=0,0001 und p=0,0005). Die Thiaminwerte im Plasma unterschieden sich jedoch nicht signifikant bei normalem Schwangerschaftsverlauf und bei Schwangerschaften mit intrauteriner Mangelentwicklung. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß mütterlicher Thiaminmangel einen Grund für eine intrauterine Mangelentwicklung darstellt.
    Notes: Summary The concentration of thiamine (vitamin B1) was measured in blood cells and plasma from mothers with normal pregnancy and from mothers whose pregnancy was complicated by intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Thiamine concentrations were estimated by the thiochrome method using HPLC separation and fluorimetric detection according to Weber et al. (2). During normal pregnancies the thiamine values in blood cells fall in the 28th to the 39th week of gestation from 230 nmol/l to 170 nmol/l. In cases with severe IUGR there is only a slight decrease in the thiamine levels from 140 nmol/l in the 30th week of gestation to a level of 130 nmol/l in the 39th week of gestation. During this period the thiamine values in plasma remain constant. To compare the thiamine concentrations in normal pregnancies and in those with IUGR we separated the thiamine values in a group from 28/0 to 34/6 and one from 35/0 to 39/6 weeks of gestation. In both groups mothers with normal pregnancy had significantly higher thiamine levels in the blood cells than mothers whose pregnancy was complicated by IUGR (p=0.0001 and p=0.0005). However, the thiamine values in plasma were not significantly different in normal pregnancies and pregnancies with IUGR. The results indicate that maternal thiamine deficiency might be one cause of IUGR.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Phospholipids ; Amniotic fluid ; Fetal lung maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new quantitative analytical method for the determination of phospholipids in amniotic fluid by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. In addition to the main compounds, phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) and sphingomyelin, the so-called minor phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine can also be determined. Separation is achieved using a guard-column of Lichrosorb Si 60 and an analytical column of Lichrosorb DIOL. Acetonitrile/water is used as mobile phase at an elevated temperature. By determining the recovery rates, the within-run and the between-run precision, it was shown that sufficient accuracy and precision could be achieved for all the parameters examined. The method is highly sensitive, the detection limit for sphingomyelin is 0.2 μg and 0.1 μg for all the other components. A single determination of 5 phospholipids in an amniotic fluid sample takes about two hours. By performing simultaneous extractions it is possible to analyse 5 samples per day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 41 (1990), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This review covers the formation, the structure and some areas of application of ionotropic gels obtained from natural, biotechnologically produced and chemically modified polysaccharides containing carboxy functions as anionic groups. Special points of interest are the interaction between the carboxylic groups and polyvalent metal cations and the selectivity of this interaction, the morphology of ionotropic capillary gels inclusive of model considerations on structure formation, and the application of these gels for cell immobilization and for the controlled release of bioactive compounds.
    Notes: Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit behandelt die Bildungsweise, die chemische und morphologische Struktur und die wesentlichen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von ionotropen Gelen auf Basis natürlicher, biotechnologisch gewonnener und chemisch modifizierter Polysaccharide mit Carboxyfunktionen als anionischen Gruppen. Schwerpunkte sind dabei die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Carboxygruppen und den mehrwertigen Metallkationen und die Selektivität dieser Wechselwirkung, die Morphologie ionotroper Kapillargele einschließlich der Modellvorstellungen zu ihrer Bildung sowie die Anwendung solcher Gele zur Zell-Immobilisierung und kontrollierten Wirkstoff-Freisetzung.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 37 (1986), S. 742-743 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 48 (1997), S. 277-297 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The uniform structure of cellulose, combined with its hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, chirality, and structure-forming capacity, as well as its broad synthetic potential, make the design of cellulose-based advanced materials a challenge for polysac-charide research. The synthesis of new cellulose products with regiocontrolled pattern of functionalization and of well defined supramolecular nanoscale architectures is a highlight in recent cellulose chemistry.The present feature will discuss regioselective functionalization of cellulose and cellulose derivatives with respect to reactivity of the polymer depending on molecular and supramolecular structure. Experimental examples of functionalization via ester intermediates of controlled stability as well as via protecting or activating ether groups are described and the efficiency of the reaction routes and procedures is evaluated.Moreover, problems and progress in techniques of product analysis and structure-property relationships as well as potential applications of regioselectively functionalized cellulosics are presented together with a discussion of possible future developments in cellulose chemistry.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Beads of aluminium carboxymethyl cellulose gel are prepared by dropping aqueous solution of 2 to 15% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with a degree of polymerization ranging from 140 to 950 into a solution of Al2(SO4)3. Spherical carriers can be obtained by partial drying of the gels. The swelling of the xerogel particles in water depends on the type of initial polymer and on washing processes. The particles show a regular distribution of Al3+ ions. On the other hand porous and reactive polymer beads with a relatively smooth surface characterized by SEM are prepared if the water in the gels is stepwisely exchanged by organic solvents.
    Notes: Durch Elintropfen von 2- bis 15%iger wäßriger Natriumcarboxymethylcellulose mit Polymerisationsgraden im Bereich von 140 bis 950 in eine Al2(SO4)3-Lösung lassen sich sphärische Aluminiumcarboxymethylcellulose-Gele herstellen. Die partielle Trocknung dieser Gele führt zu sphärishchen Trägermaterialien, die in Abhängigkeit vom Ausgangspolymertyp und von Waschprozessen unterschiedlich stark in Wasser quellen und eine gleichmäßige Al3+-Verteilung aufweisen. Erfolgt die Entwässerung durch schrittweisen Lösungsmittelaustausch, erhält man poröse und reaktive Polymerkugeln, die in REM eine relativ obene Oberfläche zeigen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the introduction of reactive functional groups into cellulose at heterogeneous conditions of reaction are reviewed. From the organic chemist's point of view the survey considers reactions characterized by yielding a high degree of substitution, a selective course of functionalisation, or the use of modern preparation techniques and new reagents.
    Notes: Die vorliegende Übersicht enthält eine zusammenfassende Darstellung von Untersuchungen zur Einführung reaktiver funktioneller Gruppen in die Cellulose. Unter synthesechemischen Gesichtspunkten werden heterogen verlaufende Reaktionen betrachtet, die sich vor allem durch die Erzielung eines möglichst hohen durchschnittlichen Substitutionsgrades, einen weitgehend selektiven Verlauf oder die Anwendung neuer präparativer Techniken und Reagenzien auszeichnen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Description: This paper examines the formation and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science: synchrotron radiation laboratories. These labs were once peripheral servants of some specialisms of solid-state physics, but over the 40 years studied they have grown into a worldwide generic resource for tens of thousands of users in a broad spectrum of disciplines. The paper uses insights primarily from historical institutionalism, but also neo-institutional theory, to analyze the formation and expansion of the organizational field of synchrotron radiation laboratories, and thus contributes to the analysis of the rather dramatic growth of this tool for experimental science from a small-scale lab curiosity to a generic research technology. But the key contribution of the paper is to provide insights into multi-level and multi-dimensional change in science systems by analyzing the emergence and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science, which has implications not least for science policy.
    Print ISSN: 0302-3427
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-5430
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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