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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 22 (1982), S. 325-334 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract From sodar measurements gathered during the Voves experiment (France, summer 1977), the variations of the temperature structure parameter C T 2 were studied in the morning planetary boundary layer. Dimensionless profiles of C T 2 are consistent with the mixed-layer scaling of Kaimal et al. (1976); however, for z 〈 0,5 z i, the decrease of C T 2 as z 4/3 should be weighted according to Frisch and Ochs (1975). When the final breakup of the nocturnal inversion is achieved, the variations of the maximum of the C T 2 profile are in good agreement with those predicted by Wyngaard and Le Mone (1980). Discrepancies are observed mainly when the mixed layer is shallow and mechanical turbulence is important compared with buoyancy-driven turbulence.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 24 (1982), S. 395-414 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of the boundary layer over complex terrain (Lannemezan - lat.: 43.7° N and, long.: 0.7 ° E) are analyzed for various scales, using measurements obtained during the COCAGNE Experiment. In this first part, the dynamic characteristics of the flow are studied with respect to atmospheric stability and the relief at small (~20 km) and medium scales (~100 km). These relief scales depend on the topographical profile of the Lannemezan Plateau along the dominant axis of the wind (E-W) and the Pyrénées Mountains located at the south of the experimental site. The terrain heterogeneities have a standard deviation of ~48 m and a wavelength of ~2 km. The averaged vertical profiles of wind speed and direction over the heterogeneous terrain are analyzed. The decrease of wind speed within the boundary layer is greater than over flat terrain (WANGARA Experiment). However, a comparison between ETTEX (complex terrain) and COCAGNE vertical wind speed profiles shows good agreement during unstable conditions. In contrast, during neutral conditions a more rapid increase with normalized height is found with COCAGNE than with ETTEX and WANGARA data. The vertical profiles of wind direction reveal an influence of the Pyrénées Mountains on the wind flow. The wind rotation in the BL is determined by the geostrophic wind direction-Pyrénées axis angle (negative deviation) as the geostrophic wind is connected with the Mountain axis. When the geostrophic wind does not interact with the Pyrénées axis, the mean and turbulent wind flow characteristics (drag coefficient C D, friction velocity u *) depend on the topography of the plateau. When the wind speed is strong (〉6 m s -1), an internal boundary layer is generated from the leading edge of the Plateau.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For the heterogeneous site described in the first part, some aspects of the turbulent structure of the planetary boundary layer are studied. Using mixed-layer scaling, the normalized profiles are compared with those obtained over flat terrain during convective conditions. The measurements were made with the same instrumented aircraft at both sites. The dissipative and spectral length scales are smaller over complex terrain within the whole boundary layer. This is due to the shifting of the wavelength peak toward the high frequencies by dynamic turbulence. This last effect can also explain the increase of the dissipation rate ɛ over the heterogeneous site during strong wind conditions. The vertical profiles of sensible heat flux and temperature-water vapor correlation show a lack of entrainment process at the top of the boundary layer. This fact suggests that the investigated boundary layer is advected from the neighbouring plain over the complex site (plateau de Lannemezan).
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Doppler sodar derived values of the temperature structure parameter C infT sup2 , the vertical velocity variance ¯′w 2, and the rate of dissipation of turbulent energy ɛ, were measured during unstable conditions above the Lannemezan heterogeneous site. The vertical profiles of these turbulent parameters, normalized by the classical convective scales are compared with those obtained using the same acoustic sounder above an homogeneous site during convective conditions. The typical decrease of C infT sup2 as Z -4/3 is partially verified on the heterogeneous site: for the lower levels, C infT sup2 exhibits an increase with Z whereas for the intermediate levels C infT sup2 . decreases as Z -4/3. For the upper levels, C infT sup2 increases with Z due to a signal-to-noise ratio lower than 1. The vertical profiles of ¯′w 2 above the two sites are rather similar. However, near the base of the convective inversion Z i , the values measured on the heterogeneous site are more scattered. The same scattering is also observed with the ɛ values; moreover, for the lower levels (Z〈0.17Z i ) the increase of ɛ as Z decreases is more important at the homogeneous site than at the heterogeneous one. It is suggested that these particular features observed at lower levels above the heterogeneous site are mainly related to a complex local boundary layer induced by the near environment of the sodar (vegetation and relief).
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 18 (1980), S. 473-483 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A new method is presented for determining experimentally the entrainment coefficient % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeyqaiabg2% da9iabgkHiTiaacIcadaqdaaqaaiabeI7aXjaacEcacaWG3bGaai4j% aaaacaGGPaGaamyAaiabg+caViaacIcadaqdaaqaaiabeI7aXjaacE% cacaWG3bGaai4jaaaacaGGPaWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaaaa!4646!\[{\text{A}} = - (\overline {\theta 'w'} )i/(\overline {\theta 'w'} )_0 \] characteristic of a convective, planetary boundary layer. This method, which makes use of sodar records together with simultaneous meteorological observations, can be applied to morning convection situations (i.e. shallow mixed layer capped by a marked temperature inversion). Data from the Voves experiment (France, summer 1977) yield A values between 0 and 1, thus departing from the 0.2 ± 0.1 interval which is the range of commonly accepted values. A comparison between these results and theoretical predictions using models developed by Stull (1976) and Zeman and Tennekes (1977) indicates a fair amount of agreement; the importance of mechanically driven turbulence in the entrainment process, especially for the early morning hours, is therefore confirmed.
    Notes: Résumé Une méthode de détermination expérimentale du coefficient d'entraînement % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeyqaiabg2% da9iabgkHiTiaacIcadaqdaaqaaiabeI7aXjaacEcacaWG3bGaai4j% aaaacaGGPaGaamyAaiabg+caViaacIcadaqdaaqaaiabeI7aXjaacE% cacaWG3bGaai4jaaaacaGGPaWaaSbaaSqaaiaaicdaaeqaaaaa!4646!\[{\text{A}} = - (\overline {\theta 'w'} )i/(\overline {\theta 'w'} )_0 \] dans une couche limite planétaire convective est proposée. Cette méthode, qui combine les données enregistrées par un sodar à des mesures météorologiques in situ, s'applique aux cas de convection matinale (couche de mélange assez peu développée surmontée par une inversion de température marquée.) Dans le cas des observations recueillies lors de la campagne de Voves (1977) elle fournit des valeurs de A qui s'écartent parfois de 0.2 ± 0.1 (gamme des valeurs souvent adoptées) et couvrent la totalité de l'intervalle 0-1. La comparaison entre les valeurs de A déterminées par cette méthode et celles prédites à partir des modèles de Stull (1976) et Zeman (1977) conduit à un accord satisfaisant, ce qui confirme le rôle joué par la turbulence mécanique dans le processus d'entraînement durant les premières heures de la convection matinale.
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