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  • Articles  (59)
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  • 11
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    Amateur scientists: Citizen projects can minimize conflicts (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pearce-Higgins, James W -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 24;525(7570):455. doi: 10.1038/525455b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; *Conflict of Interest ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Data Collection ; Great Britain ; *Hobbies ; Motivation ; *Research Design ; Science/*manpower ; *Volunteers/psychology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 12
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    Spatial and habitat variation in aphid, butterfly, moth and bird phenologies over the last half century (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Global warming has advanced the timing of biological events, potentially leading to disruption across trophic levels. The potential importance of phenological change as a driver of population trends has been suggested. To fully understand possible impacts, there is a need to quantify the scale of these changes spatially and according to habitat type. We studied the relationship between phenological trends, space and habitat type between 1965 to 2012 using an extensive UK dataset comprising 269 aphid, bird, butterfly and moth species. We modelled phenologies using generalized additive mixed models that included covariates for geographical (latitude, longitude, altitude), temporal (year, season) and habitat terms (woodland, scrub, grassland). Model selection showed that a baseline model with geographical and temporal components explained the variation in phenologies better than either a model in which space and time interacted or a habitat model without spatial terms. This baseline model showed strongly that phenologies shifted progressively earlier over time, that increasing altitude produced later phenologies and that a strong spatial component determined phenological timings, particularly latitude. The seasonal timing of a phenological event, in terms of whether it fell in the first or second half of the year, did not result in substantially different trends for butterflies. For moths, early season phenologies advanced more rapidly than those recorded later. Whilst temporal trends across all habitats resulted in earlier phenologies over time, agricultural habitats produced significantly later phenologies than most other habitats studied, probably because of non‐climatic drivers. A model with a significant habitat‐time interaction was the best‐fitting model for birds, moths and butterflies, emphasising that the rates of phenological advance also differ among habitats for these groups. Our results suggest the presence of strong spatial gradients in mean seasonal timing, and non‐linear trends towards earlier seasonal timing that varies in form and rate among habitat types. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 13
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    Passerines may be sufficiently plastic to track temperature-mediated shifts in optimum lay date (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-14
    Description: Projecting the fates of populations under climate change is one of global change biology's foremost challenges. Here, we seek to identify the contributions that temperature-mediated local adaptation and plasticity make to spatial variation in nesting phenology, a phenotypic trait showing strong responses to warming. We apply a mixed modeling framework to a Britain-wide spatiotemporal dataset comprising 〉100 000 records of first egg dates from four single-brooded passerine bird species. The average temperature during a specific time period (sliding window) strongly predicts spatiotemporal variation in lay date. All four species exhibit phenological plasticity, advancing lay date by 2–5 days °C −1 . The initiation of this sliding window is delayed further north, which may be a response to a photoperiod threshold. Using clinal trends in phenology and temperature, we are able to estimate the temperature sensitivity of selection on lay date ( B ), but our estimates are highly sensitive to the temporal position of the sliding window. If the sliding window is of fixed duration with a start date determined by photoperiod, we find B is tracked by phenotypic plasticity. If, instead, we allow the start and duration of the sliding window to change with latitude, we find plasticity does not track B , although in this case, at odds with theoretical expectations, our estimates of B differ across latitude vs. longitude. We argue that a model combining photoperiod and mean temperature is most consistent with current understanding of phenological cues in passerines, the results from which suggest that each species could respond to projected increases in spring temperatures through plasticity alone. However, our estimates of B require further validation.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 14
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    Inactivation of PI(3)K p110delta breaks regulatory T-cell-mediated immune tolerance to cancer (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-12
    Description: Inhibitors against the p110delta isoform of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) have shown remarkable therapeutic efficacy in some human leukaemias. As p110delta is primarily expressed in leukocytes, drugs against p110delta have not been considered for the treatment of solid tumours. Here we report that p110delta inactivation in mice protects against a broad range of cancers, including non-haematological solid tumours. We demonstrate that p110delta inactivation in regulatory T cells unleashes CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells and induces tumour regression. Thus, p110delta inhibitors can break tumour-induced immune tolerance and should be considered for wider use in oncology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501086/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4501086/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ali, Khaled -- Soond, Dalya R -- Pineiro, Roberto -- Hagemann, Thorsten -- Pearce, Wayne -- Lim, Ee Lyn -- Bouabe, Hicham -- Scudamore, Cheryl L -- Hancox, Timothy -- Maecker, Heather -- Friedman, Lori -- Turner, Martin -- Okkenhaug, Klaus -- Vanhaesebroeck, Bart -- 095691/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095691/Z/11/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 12888/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- 14355/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A10200/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A12888/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A15965/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- BB/E009867/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- C18270/A12888/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C23338/A10200/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C23338/A15965/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):407-11. doi: 10.1038/nature13444. Epub 2014 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK [2]. ; 1] Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK [2] [3]. ; Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. ; UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK. ; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK. ; Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK. ; Piramed Pharma, 957 Buckingham Avenue, Slough, Berkshire SL1 4NL, UK. ; Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, USA. ; 1] Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK [2].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Enzyme Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Immune Tolerance/*drug effects/immunology ; Mice ; Neoplasms/*enzymology/*immunology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*drug effects/enzymology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 15
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    Multi-state multi-stage modeling of nest-success suggests interaction between weather and land-use (2016)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-27
    Description: Many factors may affect daily nest survival. We present a novel multi-state, multi-stage model to estimate daily survival for each nest stage, daily hatching probability and probability that a failed nest died during a specific stage when stage of failure is unknown. The model does not require that hatching date be known. We used data from a large citizen science dataset to demonstrate the application of this approach, exploring the impact of laying dates, weather conditions, conserved soil moisture, soil carbon, habitat type and urbanisation on failure rates of common blackbird ( Turdus merula ) nests. Models selected and estimates of nest success were similar to those of the simpler logistic exposure method, but accounted for additional uncertainty. Simulations suggest the multi-state approach performs better when incubation mortality is affected by nest age, but not when incubation mortality is assumed constant. Both approaches worked best when date of incubation initiation was known for all nests first visited during the incubation stage. Daily blackbird survival probabilities were higher in human rural habitat than in urban or countryside habitats supporting the hypothesis that these intermediate habitats offer a better balance between low food availability in urban areas and high predation rates in the wider countryside. Nest success was influenced more by recent precipitation in urban habitats, but by a longer-term measure of water availability, soil moisture, in non-human dominated habitats, indicating that climatic change is likely to alter relationships between habitat and breeding success (and their temporal scale) by influencing the trade-off between food availability and predation rates. The multi-state, multi-stage model developed here may be helpful to other researchers modelling ecological processes in which transition probabilities between multiple stages are of interest. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 16
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    Transparency: issues are not that simple (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pearce, Warren -- Hartley, Sarah -- Nerlich, Brigitte -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):35. doi: 10.1038/531035d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Nottingham, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26935688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; Research/*standards
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 17
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    Corrigendum: Inactivation of PI(3)K p110delta breaks regulatory T-cell-mediated immune tolerance to cancer (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ali, Khaled -- Soond, Dalya R -- Pineiro, Roberto -- Hagemann, Thorsten -- Pearce, Wayne -- Lim, Ee Lyn -- Bouabe, Hicham -- Scudamore, Cheryl L -- Hancox, Timothy -- Maecker, Heather -- Friedman, Lori -- Turner, Martin -- Okkenhaug, Klaus -- Vanhaesebroeck, Bart -- Nature. 2016 Apr 6. doi: 10.1038/nature17641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 18
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    Anxiety and muscle tension as consequences of caffeine withdrawal (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-09-26
    Description: Regular consumers of caffeine had higher muscle tension after three or more hours of abstinence than low caffeine consumers. This difference was absent after double-blind administration of caffeine citrate or placebo. In a discriminative reaction time test, caffeine treatment improved performance. Among subjects receiving placebo, anxiety was highly correlated with prior caffeine use, suggesting that even a brief abstinence may produce anxiety in the regular user.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, B C -- Lincoln, C A -- Pearce, N W -- Reeb, R -- Vaida, C -- AA 03513/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- HD 05958/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS 11618/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Sep 26;209(4464):1547-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7433978" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Anxiety/*etiology ; Caffeine/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Muscle Contraction/*drug effects ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/complications/*physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 19
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    The sensitivity of breeding songbirds to changes in seasonal timing is linked to population change but cannot be directly attributed to the effects of trophic asynchrony on productivity (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-21
    Description: A consequence of climate change has been an advance in the timing of seasonal events. Differences in the rate of advance between trophic levels may result in predators becoming mismatched with prey availability, reducing fitness and potentially driving population declines. Such “trophic asynchrony” is hypothesized to have contributed to recent population declines of long-distance migratory birds in particular. Using spatially extensive survey data from 1983 to 2010 to estimate variation in spring phenology from 280 plant and insect species and the egg-laying phenology of 21 British songbird species, we explored the effects of trophic asynchrony on avian population trends and potential underlying demographic mechanisms. Species which advanced their laying dates least over the last three decades, and were therefore at greatest risk of asynchrony, exhibited the most negative population trends. We expressed asynchrony as the annual variation in bird phenology relative to spring phenology, and related asynchrony to annual avian productivity. In warmer springs, birds were more asynchronous, but productivity was only marginally reduced; long-distance migrants, short-distance migrants and resident bird species all exhibited effects of similar magnitude. Long-term population, but not productivity, declines were greatest among those species whose annual productivity was most greatly reduced by asynchrony. This suggests that population change is not mechanistically driven by the negative effects of asynchrony on productivity. The apparent effects of asynchrony on population trends are therefore either more likely to be strongly expressed via other demographic pathways, or alternatively, are a surrogate for species' sensitivity to other environmental pressures which are the ultimate cause of decline. We use spatially extensive survey data of plants, invertebrates and birds to investigate whether asynchronous changes in egg-laying dates relative to spring onset are associated with reduced avian productivity and consequently population change. Bird species which have advanced egg-laying dates the least are declining fastest. In warmer springs, birds breed late relative to spring onset and productivity is reduced. Although species whose productivity is reduced the most are declining fastest, the mechanism cannot be directly attributed to the effects of asynchrony on productivity.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 20
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    Alpha particle damage in biotite characterized by microfocus X-ray diffraction and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (2013)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-22
    Description: Combined microfocus XAS and XRD analysis of α-particle radiation damage haloes around thorium-containing monazite in Fe-rich biotite reveals changes in both short- and long-range order. The total α-particles flux derived from the Th and U in the monazite over 1.8 Ga was 0.022 α particles per atomic component of the monazite and this caused increasing amounts of structural damage as the monazite emitter is approached. Short-range order disruption revealed by Fe K -edge EXAFS is manifest by a high variability in Fe–Fe bond lengths and a marked decrease in coordination number. XANES examination of the Fe K -edge shows a decrease in energy of the main absorption by up to 1 eV, revealing reduction of the Fe 3+ components of the biotite by interaction with the $${}_{2}^{4}{\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$$ , the result of low and thermal energy electrons produced by the cascade of electron collisions. Changes in d spacings in the XRD patterns reveal the development of polycrystallinity and new domains of damaged biotite structure with evidence of displaced atoms due to ionization interactions and nuclear collisions. The damage in biotite is considered to have been facilitated by destruction of OH groups by radiolysis and the development of Frenkel pairs causing an increase in the trioctahedral layer distances and contraction within the trioctahedral layers. The large amount of radiation damage close to the monazite can be explained by examining the electronic stopping flux.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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