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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 77 (1964), S. 90-113 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is shown that the ULLMANN-reaction for aromatic nitro-iodo compounds practically occurs quantitatively if iodine is located in the o-position to the nitro group.With a corresponding bifunctional compound, 4,4′-diiodo-3,3′-dinitrobiphenyl, the same reaction conditions yielded a nitrosubstituted p-polyphenylene, a bright yellow insoluble and infusible powder which decomposes at higher temperature (〉 250°C.). Based on the iodine content (end groups) an average degree of condensation of 52 was calculated; this corresponds to a p-phenylene chain of 104 benzene rings. The polymer is crystalline and has a long period of ca. 30 Å.The investigations of nitro substituted p-oligophenylenes were conducted primarily for the influence of nitro substitution on solubility. However, on the whole, nitro substitution rather decreases solubility, although in polar solvents e.g., nitro benzene or dimethyl-formamide considerable solubility increases could be observed. From these it appears reasonable that the nitro substituted p-polyphenylene described above is insoluble.For the synthesis of nitro substituted p-oligophenylenes the ULLMANN reaction proved to be very efficient. The iodine compounds needed as starting material were partially obtained by direct iodination with iodine liodic acid.
    Notes: Bei aromatischen Nitrojodverbindungen nimmt die ULLMANN-Reaktion unter verhältnismäßig milden Bedingungen einen praktisch quantitativen Verlauf, wenn sich das Jod in der o-Stellung zu einer Nitrogruppe befindet.Mit einer entsprechenden bifunktionellen Verbindung, dem 4,4′-Dijod-3,3′-dinitrobiphenyl, konnte unter den gleichen Bedingungen ein nitrosubstituiertes p-Polyphenylen erhalten werden, ein hellgelbes, unlösliches und unschmelzbares Pulver, das sich bei höherer Temperatur (〉 250°C) zersetzt. Auf Grund des Jodgehaltes (Endgruppen) wurde ein mittlerer Kondensationsgrad von 52 berechnet; das entspricht einer p-Phenylenkette aus 104 Benzolringen. Das Polymere ist kristallin und besitzt eine Langperiode von ca. 30 Å.Die Untersuchungen an nitrosubstituierten p-Oligophenylenen galten vor allem dem Einfluß der Nitrosubstitution auf die Löslichkeit. Im ganzen gesehen wirkt die Nitrosubstitution eher löslichkeitssenkend als -fördernd, wenn auch in polaren Lösungsmitteln wie Nitrobenzol oder Dimethylformamid beachtenswerte relative Löslichkeitssteigerungen zu beobachten sind. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse lassen es verständlich erscheinen, daß das beschriebene nitrosubstituierte p-Polyphenylen unlöslich ist.Für die Synthese der nitrosubstituierten p-Oligophenylene bewährte sich vor allem die ULLMANN-Reaktion. Die als Ausgangsprodukte benötigten Jodverbindungen konnten z. T. durch direkte Jodierung mit Jod/Jodsäure erhalten werden.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2005-11-17
    Description: Venus surface composition as determined from atmospheric composition
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI., 1968 1969; P 74-77
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  • 13
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Venus atmosphere water content, discussing chemical reactions, temperature, dehydrogenation, etc
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; BROTECHNIKA, NO. 3(
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High temperature effects on evolution of Venus upper lithosphere, considering magnetic differentiation, isostatic adjustments, surface relief, mountain building time and distance scales, etc
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 15
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-12
    Description: Venus atmosphere origin, discussing high temperature effects and chemical composition via space probe and terrestrial observations
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 16
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ionization potentials of elemental abundances in lunar rocks compared with earth crust and class I carbonaceous chondrites, showing lunar materials differentiation
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; 17 (
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  • 17
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of theoretical limits and experimental data for the kinetics of the reaction quartz plus calcite yields wollastonite plus CO2 supports the concept of a short-term quasi-equilibrium state for the atmosphere of Venus. These data indicate that the time scale of this reaction and of any competing CO2 producing reaction may be as short as several hundred years or less at the inferred Venus surface temperatures.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Icarus; 19; Aug. 197
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  • 18
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-12
    Description: Venus atmosphere HCl and HF abundances from Venera 4 data, discussing sources and atmospheric models
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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