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  • 11
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    Concentration gradients and growth/decay characteristics of the seasonal sea ice cover (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The characteristics of sea ice cover in both hemispheres are analyzed and compared. The areal sea ice cover in the entire polar regions and in various geographical sectors is quantified for various concentration intervals and is analyzed in a consistent manner. Radial profiles of brightness temperatures from the poles across the marginal zone are also evaluated at different transects along regular longitudinal intervals during different times of the year. These radial profiles provide statistical information about the ice concentration gradients and the rates at which the ice edge advances or retreats during a complete annual cycle.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 8081-810
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  • 12
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    Antarctic Sea ice variations and seasonal air temperature relationships (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data through 1987 are used to determine the regional and seasonal dependencies of recent trends of Antarctic temperature and sea ice. Lead-lag relationships involving regional sea ice and air temperature are systematically evaluated, with an eye toward the ice-temperature feedbacks that may influence climatic change. Over the 1958-1087 period the temperature trends are positive in all seasons. For the 15 years (l973-l987) for which ice data are available, the trends are predominantly positive only in winter and summer, and are most strongly positive over the Antarctic Peninsula. The spatially aggregated trend of temperature for this latter period is small but positive, while the corresponding trend of ice coverage is small but negative. Lag correlations between seasonal anomalies of the two variables are generally stronger with ice lagging the summer temperatures and with ice leading the winter temperatures. The implication is that summer temperatures predispose the near-surface waters to above-or below-normal ice coverage in the following fall and winter.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 15
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  • 13
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    Satellite observations of sea ice (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview is presented of Antarctic and Arctic sea ice studies using data from the Nimbus-5 ESMR and the Nimbus-7 SMMR passive microwave radiometers. Four years (1973-1976) of ESMR data for the Antarctic Ocean define the characteristics of the seasonal cycle including regional contrasts and interannual variations. Major advances include the discovery of the Weddell polynya and the presence of substantial areas of open water in the Antarctic winter pack ice. Regional differences in sea ice extent on time-scales of about a month are shown to be associated with variations in surface-wind fields. In the Arctic, the computation of sea ice concentration is complicated by the presence of multiyear ice, but the amount of multiyear ice becomes an important measurable quantity with dual-polarized, multifrequency passive microwave sensors. Analysis of SMMR data demonstrates its advantage for studying the spatial and temporal variability of the Arctic ice cover. Large observed interannual variations in the distribution of the multiyear pack ice and the presence of significant divergent areas in the central Arctic during winter contrast markedly with the classical view of the Arctic pack ice.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 6, 19
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  • 14
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    Arctic Sea ice by passive microwave observations from the Nimbus-5 Satellite (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The results of a dynamic/thermodynamic numerical model of Arctic sea ice are compared with satellite images from the Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer. The model combines aspects of two previous sea ice models those of Parkinson and Washington and Ling, Rasmussen, and Campbell. A solid/fluid model basically follows the formulation of the Parkinson and Washington model with the addition of the constitutive equation and equation of state from the Ling model. The Parkinson and Washington model simulates the seasonal cycle of sea ice thicknesses and concentrations with a horizontal resolution of roughly 200 km and a timestep of 8 hours. The thermodynamics are calculated through energy balances at the interfaces between ice and air, water and ice, and water and air. The ice dynamics are calculated through a momentum equation balancing air stress, water stress, dynamic topography, and Coriolis force, with an adjustment for internal ice resistance.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Geological Survey US Geological Survey Polar Res. Symp.; p 40-41
    Format: text
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  • 15
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    Antarctic sea ice cover from satellite passive microwave (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The 3-day images from the Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer were combined to form monthly average maps and contour plots. These show clearly the yearly cycle from minimum ice extent in February to maximum ice extent from August to September and the spatial distribution of ice 15 to 50 percent concentrated, 50 to 85 percent concentrated, and 85 to 100 percent concentrated. The yearly cycle of the monthly extent of ice is plotted for each of the four years (1973-76). The total 4-year range in monthly mean concentrations (over the 30 km x 30 km grid elements with ice present) is 50 to 80 percent, and the yearly cycle is far less distinct than that for the ice areas.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: International Geophysical Year World Data Center A Snow Watch 1980; p 79-86
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  • 16
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    Satellite-derived ice data sets no. 2: Arctic monthly average microwave brightness temperatures and sea ice concentrations, 1973-1976 (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A summary data set for four years (mid 70's) of Arctic sea ice conditions is available on magnetic tape. The data include monthly and yearly averaged Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) brightness temperatures, an ice concentration parameter derived from the brightness temperatures, monthly climatological surface air temperatures, and monthly climatological sea level pressures. All data matrices are applied to 293 by 293 grids that cover a polar stereographic map enclosing the 50 deg N latitude circle. The grid size varies from about 32 X 32 km at the poles to about 28 X 28 km at 50 deg N. The ice concentration parameter is calculated assuming that the field of view contains only open water and first-year ice with an ice emissivity of 0.92. To account for the presence of multiyear ice, a nomogram is provided relating the ice concentration parameter, the total ice concentration, and the fraction of the ice cover which is multiyear ice.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-87825 , NAS 1.15:87825
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 17
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    Antartic sea ice, 1973 - 1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) on the Nimbus 5 satellite are used to determine the extent and distribution of Antarctic sea ice. The characteristics of the southern ocean, the mathematical formulas used to obtain quantitative sea ice concentrations, the general characteristics of the seasonal sea ice growth/decay cycle and regional differences, and the observed seasonal growth/decay cycle for individual years and interannual variations of the ice cover are discussed. The sea ice data from the ESMR are presented in the form of color-coded maps of the Antarctic and the southern oceans. The maps show brightness temperatures and concentrations of pack ice averaged for each month, 4-year monthly averages, and month-to-month changes. Graphs summarizing the results, such as areas of sea ice as a function of time in the various sectors of the southern ocean are included. The images demonstrate that satellite microwave data provide unique information on large-scale sea ice conditions for determining climatic conditions in polar regions and possible global climatic changes.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-SP-459 , NAS 1.21:459 , LC-83-600167
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 18
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    Characteristics of Antarctic sea ice as determined by satellite-borne microwave imagers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The electrically scanning microwave radiometers on Nimbus 5 (wavelengths of 1.55 cm) and Nimbus 6 (wavelengths of 0.81 cm) produce images with a resolution of about 30 km. Weekly maps of sea ice coverage are generated, showing the percent of open water in each 2.5 x 2.5 degree cell. More detailed studies of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the sea ice and its interaction with the ocean and the atmosphere are carried out, using 3-day average pseudo-color images and maps of ice boundaries. Features of the Antarctic ice discerned from microwave images are discussed, and the important features of Antarctic currents are illustrated.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: COSPAR, Plenary Meeting; Jun 08, 1976 - Jun 19, 1976; Philadelphia, PA
    Format: text
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  • 19
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    Postprocessing of satellite altimetry return signals for improved sea surface topography accuracy (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Retracked southern ocean data from the first 34 repeat cycles of the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission are analyzed. The difference between the surface heights calculated from the retracked data and the original on-board estimate is less than 10 cm for significant wave heights (SWH) lower than 10 m but increases to about 1.0 m at an SWH of 18 m. The electromagnetic (EM) bias coefficient calculated using the retracked data is generally slightly less than that using the unretracked data and does not decrease as much with SWH as to the EM bias coefficients calculated from the unretracked data. A map of the sea surface height variability of the southern ocean created using the retracked data shows differences from variability maps created using the unretracked data in regions of high wave heights. This study shows that retracking will improve altimeter precision.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; C1; p. 933-944.
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  • 20
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    A global mean sea surface based upon GEOS 3 and Seasat altimeter data (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A mean sea surface relative to the International Union of Geodesy 1980 Geodetic Reference System reference ellipsoid has been derived from Seasat and GEOS 3 altimeter measurements. This surface, called MSS-9012, has been computed on a grid of 1/8 deg resolution. The surface covers the global ocean between 70 deg N and 72 deg S. Comparisons are made between MSS-9012 and ocean bathymetry. The eastern extent of the Chain Fracture Zone in the Gulf of Guinea is more apparent in the altimetry than in the bathymetry data, as are many other features. The combination of data from the two satellites has successfully retrieved more information about the sea surface than was previously possible using only Seasat data.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; B4 A
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