ALBERT

Description: Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P 〈 5 x 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4185210/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4185210/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perry, John R B -- Day, Felix -- Elks, Cathy E -- Sulem, Patrick -- Thompson, Deborah J -- Ferreira, Teresa -- He, Chunyan -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Esko, Tonu -- Thorleifsson, Gudmar -- Albrecht, Eva -- Ang, Wei Q -- Corre, Tanguy -- Cousminer, Diana L -- Feenstra, Bjarke -- Franceschini, Nora -- Ganna, Andrea -- Johnson, Andrew D -- Kjellqvist, Sanela -- Lunetta, Kathryn L -- McMahon, George -- Nolte, Ilja M -- Paternoster, Lavinia -- Porcu, Eleonora -- Smith, Albert V -- Stolk, Lisette -- Teumer, Alexander -- Tsernikova, Natalia -- Tikkanen, Emmi -- Ulivi, Sheila -- Wagner, Erin K -- Amin, Najaf -- Bierut, Laura J -- Byrne, Enda M -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Koller, Daniel L -- Mangino, Massimo -- Pers, Tune H -- Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M -- Hua Zhao, Jing -- Andrulis, Irene L -- Anton-Culver, Hoda -- Atsma, Femke -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Beckmann, Matthias W -- Benitez, Javier -- Blomqvist, Carl -- Bojesen, Stig E -- Bolla, Manjeet K -- Bonanni, Bernardo -- Brauch, Hiltrud -- Brenner, Hermann -- Buring, Julie E -- Chang-Claude, Jenny -- Chanock, Stephen -- Chen, Jinhui -- Chenevix-Trench, Georgia -- Collee, J Margriet -- Couch, Fergus J -- Couper, David -- Coviello, Andrea D -- Cox, Angela -- Czene, Kamila -- D'adamo, Adamo Pio -- Davey Smith, George -- De Vivo, Immaculata -- Demerath, Ellen W -- Dennis, Joe -- Devilee, Peter -- Dieffenbach, Aida K -- Dunning, Alison M -- Eiriksdottir, Gudny -- Eriksson, Johan G -- Fasching, Peter A -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Flesch-Janys, Dieter -- Flyger, Henrik -- Foroud, Tatiana -- Franke, Lude -- Garcia, Melissa E -- Garcia-Closas, Montserrat -- Geller, Frank -- de Geus, Eco E J -- Giles, Graham G -- Gudbjartsson, Daniel F -- Gudnason, Vilmundur -- Guenel, Pascal -- Guo, Suiqun -- Hall, Per -- Hamann, Ute -- Haring, Robin -- Hartman, Catharina A -- Heath, Andrew C -- Hofman, Albert -- Hooning, Maartje J -- Hopper, John L -- Hu, Frank B -- Hunter, David J -- Karasik, David -- Kiel, Douglas P -- Knight, Julia A -- Kosma, Veli-Matti -- Kutalik, Zoltan -- Lai, Sandra -- Lambrechts, Diether -- Lindblom, Annika -- Magi, Reedik -- Magnusson, Patrik K -- Mannermaa, Arto -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Masson, Gisli -- McArdle, Patrick F -- McArdle, Wendy L -- Melbye, Mads -- Michailidou, Kyriaki -- Mihailov, Evelin -- Milani, Lili -- Milne, Roger L -- Nevanlinna, Heli -- Neven, Patrick -- Nohr, Ellen A -- Oldehinkel, Albertine J -- Oostra, Ben A -- Palotie, Aarno -- Peacock, Munro -- Pedersen, Nancy L -- Peterlongo, Paolo -- Peto, Julian -- Pharoah, Paul D P -- Postma, Dirkje S -- Pouta, Anneli -- Pylkas, Katri -- Radice, Paolo -- Ring, Susan -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Robino, Antonietta -- Rose, Lynda M -- Rudolph, Anja -- Salomaa, Veikko -- Sanna, Serena -- Schlessinger, David -- Schmidt, Marjanka K -- Southey, Mellissa C -- Sovio, Ulla -- Stampfer, Meir J -- Stockl, Doris -- Storniolo, Anna M -- Timpson, Nicholas J -- Tyrer, Jonathan -- Visser, Jenny A -- Vollenweider, Peter -- Volzke, Henry -- Waeber, Gerard -- Waldenberger, Melanie -- Wallaschofski, Henri -- Wang, Qin -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Winqvist, Robert -- Wolffenbuttel, Bruce H R -- Wright, Margaret J -- Australian Ovarian Cancer Study -- GENICA Network -- kConFab -- LifeLines Cohort Study -- InterAct Consortium -- Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Econs, Michael J -- Khaw, Kay-Tee -- Loos, Ruth J F -- McCarthy, Mark I -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Rice, John P -- Streeten, Elizabeth A -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Alizadeh, Behrooz Z -- Bergmann, Sven -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Boyd, Heather A -- Crisponi, Laura -- Gasparini, Paolo -- Gieger, Christian -- Harris, Tamara B -- Ingelsson, Erik -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Kraft, Peter -- Lawlor, Debbie -- Metspalu, Andres -- Pennell, Craig E -- Ridker, Paul M -- Snieder, Harold -- Sorensen, Thorkild I A -- Spector, Tim D -- Strachan, David P -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Widen, Elisabeth -- Zygmunt, Marek -- Murray, Anna -- Easton, Douglas F -- Stefansson, Kari -- Murabito, Joanne M -- Ong, Ken K -- 098381/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 10118/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- G0701863/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9815508/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106179471/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106179472/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/3/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12015/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12015/2/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MR/J012165/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P50 CA116201/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG041517/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR001108/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 2;514(7520):92-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13545. Epub 2014 Jul 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. [4] Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK. [5]. ; 1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2]. ; 1] deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. [2]. ; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. ; School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, WA-6009, Australia. ; 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. ; Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, USA. ; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden. ; NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA. ; Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Box 1031, 17121 Solna, Sweden. ; 1] NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA. [2] Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; 1] MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. [2] School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; 1] Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy. [2] University of Sassari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 07100 Sassari, Italy. ; 1] Icelandic Heart Association, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. ; 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. ; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia. ; 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. [2] Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. ; Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy. ; Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; 1] The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. [2] QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia. ; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3082, USA. ; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK. ; 1] Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical 142 University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. ; Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. ; 1] Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. ; Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-7550, USA. ; Sanquin Research, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ; 1] Tuscany Regional Health Agency, Florence, Italy, I.O.T. and Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy. [2] Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, 50122 Florence, Italy. ; University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. ; 1] Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain. [2] Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-46010 Valencia, Spain. ; Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00100 Helsinki, Finland. ; 1] Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), 20139 Milan, Italy. ; 1] DrMargarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany. [2] University of Tubingen, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany. ; 1] Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. [2] German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Departments of Anatomy and Neurological Surgery, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. [2] Stark Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006 Australia. ; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7420, USA. ; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK. ; 1] Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy. [2] Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics &Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. ; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. ; Icelandic Heart Association, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland. ; 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. [3] Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, FI-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland. [4] Folkhalsan Research Centre, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland. ; Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK. [2] Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK. ; 1] Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [2] EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Bt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; 1] Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. [2] Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; 1] deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. ; 1] Inserm (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, F-94807 Villejuif, France. [2] University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807 Villejuif, France. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China. ; Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [3] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA. ; 1] Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada. [2] Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada. ; 1] School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. [2] Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland. ; Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, 09042 Sardinia, Italy. ; 1] Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. ; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5101, USA. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland. ; KULeuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Research Unit of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark. ; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland. [2] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [4] Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy. ; Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. ; University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, GRIAC Research Institute, P.O. Box 30.001, NL-9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, FI-90029 OYS Oulu, Finland. ; Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland. ; Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy. ; 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. ; National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA. ; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK. ; 1] Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-8576 Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-81377 Munich, Germany. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; 1] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. [2] DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-8576 Neuherberg, Germany. ; 1] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. [2] DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands. ; Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. ; 1] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3082, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. ; 1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, New York 10029, USA. ; 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. [2] NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK. [3] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK. ; 1] Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. [2] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center (GRECC) - Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. ; 1] Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Centre of Medical Systems Biology, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. ; Human Genetics Center and Divof Epidemiology, University of Houston, P.O. Box 20186, Texas 77025 USA. ; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 256, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. [2] Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland. [3] Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland. [4] Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland. [5] Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O. Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland. ; 1] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark. [2] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark. ; Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany. ; University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK. ; 1] deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland. [3]. ; 1] NHLBI's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA. [2] Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. [3]. ; 1] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [2] Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. [3].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25231870" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysis of the sequence of mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu 16), which was obtained as part of a whole-genome shotgun assembly of the mouse genome. The mouse genome is about 10% smaller than the human genome, owing to a lower repetitive DNA content. Comparison of the structure and protein-coding potential of Mmu 16 with that of the homologous segments of the human genome identifies regions of conserved synteny with human chromosomes (Hsa) 3, 8, 12, 16, 21, and 22. Gene content and order are highly conserved between Mmu 16 and the syntenic blocks of the human genome. Of the 731 predicted genes on Mmu 16, 509 align with orthologs on the corresponding portions of the human genome, 44 are likely paralogous to these genes, and 164 genes have homologs elsewhere in the human genome; there are 14 genes for which we could find no human counterpart.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mural, Richard J -- Adams, Mark D -- Myers, Eugene W -- Smith, Hamilton O -- Miklos, George L Gabor -- Wides, Ron -- Halpern, Aaron -- Li, Peter W -- Sutton, Granger G -- Nadeau, Joe -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Holt, Robert A -- Kodira, Chinnappa D -- Lu, Fu -- Chen, Lin -- Deng, Zuoming -- Evangelista, Carlos C -- Gan, Weiniu -- Heiman, Thomas J -- Li, Jiayin -- Li, Zhenya -- Merkulov, Gennady V -- Milshina, Natalia V -- Naik, Ashwinikumar K -- Qi, Rong -- Shue, Bixiong Chris -- Wang, Aihui -- Wang, Jian -- Wang, Xin -- Yan, Xianghe -- Ye, Jane -- Yooseph, Shibu -- Zhao, Qi -- Zheng, Liansheng -- Zhu, Shiaoping C -- Biddick, Kendra -- Bolanos, Randall -- Delcher, Arthur L -- Dew, Ian M -- Fasulo, Daniel -- Flanigan, Michael J -- Huson, Daniel H -- Kravitz, Saul A -- Miller, Jason R -- Mobarry, Clark M -- Reinert, Knut -- Remington, Karin A -- Zhang, Qing -- Zheng, Xiangqun H -- Nusskern, Deborah R -- Lai, Zhongwu -- Lei, Yiding -- Zhong, Wenyan -- Yao, Alison -- Guan, Ping -- Ji, Rui-Ru -- Gu, Zhiping -- Wang, Zhen-Yuan -- Zhong, Fei -- Xiao, Chunlin -- Chiang, Chia-Chien -- Yandell, Mark -- Wortman, Jennifer R -- Amanatides, Peter G -- Hladun, Suzanne L -- Pratts, Eric C -- Johnson, Jeffery E -- Dodson, Kristina L -- Woodford, Kerry J -- Evans, Cheryl A -- Gropman, Barry -- Rusch, Douglas B -- Venter, Eli -- Wang, Mei -- Smith, Thomas J -- Houck, Jarrett T -- Tompkins, Donald E -- Haynes, Charles -- Jacob, Debbie -- Chin, Soo H -- Allen, David R -- Dahlke, Carl E -- Sanders, Robert -- Li, Kelvin -- Liu, Xiangjun -- Levitsky, Alexander A -- Majoros, William H -- Chen, Quan -- Xia, Ashley C -- Lopez, John R -- Donnelly, Michael T -- Newman, Matthew H -- Glodek, Anna -- Kraft, Cheryl L -- Nodell, Marc -- Ali, Feroze -- An, Hui-Jin -- Baldwin-Pitts, Danita -- Beeson, Karen Y -- Cai, Shuang -- Carnes, Mark -- Carver, Amy -- Caulk, Parris M -- Center, Angela -- Chen, Yen-Hui -- Cheng, Ming-Lai -- Coyne, My D -- Crowder, Michelle -- Danaher, Steven -- Davenport, Lionel B -- Desilets, Raymond -- Dietz, Susanne M -- Doup, Lisa -- Dullaghan, Patrick -- Ferriera, Steven -- Fosler, Carl R -- Gire, Harold C -- Gluecksmann, Andres -- Gocayne, Jeannine D -- Gray, Jonathan -- Hart, Brit -- Haynes, Jason -- Hoover, Jeffery -- Howland, Tim -- Ibegwam, Chinyere -- Jalali, Mena -- Johns, David -- Kline, Leslie -- Ma, Daniel S -- MacCawley, Steven -- Magoon, Anand -- Mann, Felecia -- May, David -- McIntosh, Tina C -- Mehta, Somil -- Moy, Linda -- Moy, Mee C -- Murphy, Brian J -- Murphy, Sean D -- Nelson, Keith A -- Nuri, Zubeda -- Parker, Kimberly A -- Prudhomme, Alexandre C -- Puri, Vinita N -- Qureshi, Hina -- Raley, John C -- Reardon, Matthew S -- Regier, Megan A -- Rogers, Yu-Hui C -- Romblad, Deanna L -- Schutz, Jakob -- Scott, John L -- Scott, Richard -- Sitter, Cynthia D -- Smallwood, Michella -- Sprague, Arlan C -- Stewart, Erin -- Strong, Renee V -- Suh, Ellen -- Sylvester, Karena -- Thomas, Reginald -- Tint, Ni Ni -- Tsonis, Christopher -- Wang, Gary -- Wang, George -- Williams, Monica S -- Williams, Sherita M -- Windsor, Sandra M -- Wolfe, Keriellen -- Wu, Mitchell M -- Zaveri, Jayshree -- Chaturvedi, Kabir -- Gabrielian, Andrei E -- Ke, Zhaoxi -- Sun, Jingtao -- Subramanian, Gangadharan -- Venter, J Craig -- Pfannkoch, Cynthia M -- Barnstead, Mary -- Stephenson, Lisa D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1661-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. richard.mural@celera.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: DNA sequence information underpins genetic research, enabling discoveries of important biological or medical benefit. Sequencing projects have traditionally used long (400-800 base pair) reads, but the existence of reference sequences for the human and many other genomes makes it possible to develop new, fast approaches to re-sequencing, whereby shorter reads are compared to a reference to identify intraspecies genetic variation. Here we report an approach that generates several billion bases of accurate nucleotide sequence per experiment at low cost. Single molecules of DNA are attached to a flat surface, amplified in situ and used as templates for synthetic sequencing with fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides. Images of the surface are analysed to generate high-quality sequence. We demonstrate application of this approach to human genome sequencing on flow-sorted X chromosomes and then scale the approach to determine the genome sequence of a male Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria. We build an accurate consensus sequence from 〉30x average depth of paired 35-base reads. We characterize four million single-nucleotide polymorphisms and four hundred thousand structural variants, many of which were previously unknown. Our approach is effective for accurate, rapid and economical whole-genome re-sequencing and many other biomedical applications.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581791/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581791/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bentley, David R -- Balasubramanian, Shankar -- Swerdlow, Harold P -- Smith, Geoffrey P -- Milton, John -- Brown, Clive G -- Hall, Kevin P -- Evers, Dirk J -- Barnes, Colin L -- Bignell, Helen R -- Boutell, Jonathan M -- Bryant, Jason -- Carter, Richard J -- Keira Cheetham, R -- Cox, Anthony J -- Ellis, Darren J -- Flatbush, Michael R -- Gormley, Niall A -- Humphray, Sean J -- Irving, Leslie J -- Karbelashvili, Mirian S -- Kirk, Scott M -- Li, Heng -- Liu, Xiaohai -- Maisinger, Klaus S -- Murray, Lisa J -- Obradovic, Bojan -- Ost, Tobias -- Parkinson, Michael L -- Pratt, Mark R -- Rasolonjatovo, Isabelle M J -- Reed, Mark T -- Rigatti, Roberto -- Rodighiero, Chiara -- Ross, Mark T -- Sabot, Andrea -- Sankar, Subramanian V -- Scally, Aylwyn -- Schroth, Gary P -- Smith, Mark E -- Smith, Vincent P -- Spiridou, Anastassia -- Torrance, Peta E -- Tzonev, Svilen S -- Vermaas, Eric H -- Walter, Klaudia -- Wu, Xiaolin -- Zhang, Lu -- Alam, Mohammed D -- Anastasi, Carole -- Aniebo, Ify C -- Bailey, David M D -- Bancarz, Iain R -- Banerjee, Saibal -- Barbour, Selena G -- Baybayan, Primo A -- Benoit, Vincent A -- Benson, Kevin F -- Bevis, Claire -- Black, Phillip J -- Boodhun, Asha -- Brennan, Joe S -- Bridgham, John A -- Brown, Rob C -- Brown, Andrew A -- Buermann, Dale H -- Bundu, Abass A -- Burrows, James C -- Carter, Nigel P -- Castillo, Nestor -- Chiara E Catenazzi, Maria -- Chang, Simon -- Neil Cooley, R -- Crake, Natasha R -- Dada, Olubunmi O -- Diakoumakos, Konstantinos D -- Dominguez-Fernandez, Belen -- Earnshaw, David J -- Egbujor, Ugonna C -- Elmore, David W -- Etchin, Sergey S -- Ewan, Mark R -- Fedurco, Milan -- Fraser, Louise J -- Fuentes Fajardo, Karin V -- Scott Furey, W -- George, David -- Gietzen, Kimberley J -- Goddard, Colin P -- Golda, George S -- Granieri, Philip A -- Green, David E -- Gustafson, David L -- Hansen, Nancy F -- Harnish, Kevin -- Haudenschild, Christian D -- Heyer, Narinder I -- Hims, Matthew M -- Ho, Johnny T -- Horgan, Adrian M -- Hoschler, Katya -- Hurwitz, Steve -- Ivanov, Denis V -- Johnson, Maria Q -- James, Terena -- Huw Jones, T A -- Kang, Gyoung-Dong -- Kerelska, Tzvetana H -- Kersey, Alan D -- Khrebtukova, Irina -- Kindwall, Alex P -- Kingsbury, Zoya -- Kokko-Gonzales, Paula I -- Kumar, Anil -- Laurent, Marc A -- Lawley, Cynthia T -- Lee, Sarah E -- Lee, Xavier -- Liao, Arnold K -- Loch, Jennifer A -- Lok, Mitch -- Luo, Shujun -- Mammen, Radhika M -- Martin, John W -- McCauley, Patrick G -- McNitt, Paul -- Mehta, Parul -- Moon, Keith W -- Mullens, Joe W -- Newington, Taksina -- Ning, Zemin -- Ling Ng, Bee -- Novo, Sonia M -- O'Neill, Michael J -- Osborne, Mark A -- Osnowski, Andrew -- Ostadan, Omead -- Paraschos, Lambros L -- Pickering, Lea -- Pike, Andrew C -- Pike, Alger C -- Chris Pinkard, D -- Pliskin, Daniel P -- Podhasky, Joe -- Quijano, Victor J -- Raczy, Come -- Rae, Vicki H -- Rawlings, Stephen R -- Chiva Rodriguez, Ana -- Roe, Phyllida M -- Rogers, John -- Rogert Bacigalupo, Maria C -- Romanov, Nikolai -- Romieu, Anthony -- Roth, Rithy K -- Rourke, Natalie J -- Ruediger, Silke T -- Rusman, Eli -- Sanches-Kuiper, Raquel M -- Schenker, Martin R -- Seoane, Josefina M -- Shaw, Richard J -- Shiver, Mitch K -- Short, Steven W -- Sizto, Ning L -- Sluis, Johannes P -- Smith, Melanie A -- Ernest Sohna Sohna, Jean -- Spence, Eric J -- Stevens, Kim -- Sutton, Neil -- Szajkowski, Lukasz -- Tregidgo, Carolyn L -- Turcatti, Gerardo -- Vandevondele, Stephanie -- Verhovsky, Yuli -- Virk, Selene M -- Wakelin, Suzanne -- Walcott, Gregory C -- Wang, Jingwen -- Worsley, Graham J -- Yan, Juying -- Yau, Ling -- Zuerlein, Mike -- Rogers, Jane -- Mullikin, James C -- Hurles, Matthew E -- McCooke, Nick J -- West, John S -- Oaks, Frank L -- Lundberg, Peter L -- Klenerman, David -- Durbin, Richard -- Smith, Anthony J -- B05823/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701805/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MOL04534/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Z01 HG200330-03/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):53-9. doi: 10.1038/nature07517.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Illumina Cambridge Ltd. (Formerly Solexa Ltd), Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Nr Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK. dbentley@illumina.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides are among the most important risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and are targets for therapeutic intervention. We screened the genome for common variants associated with plasma lipids in 〉100,000 individuals of European ancestry. Here we report 95 significantly associated loci (P 〈 5 x 10(-8)), with 59 showing genome-wide significant association with lipid traits for the first time. The newly reported associations include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near known lipid regulators (for example, CYP7A1, NPC1L1 and SCARB1) as well as in scores of loci not previously implicated in lipoprotein metabolism. The 95 loci contribute not only to normal variation in lipid traits but also to extreme lipid phenotypes and have an impact on lipid traits in three non-European populations (East Asians, South Asians and African Americans). Our results identify several novel loci associated with plasma lipids that are also associated with CAD. Finally, we validated three of the novel genes-GALNT2, PPP1R3B and TTC39B-with experiments in mouse models. Taken together, our findings provide the foundation to develop a broader biological understanding of lipoprotein metabolism and to identify new therapeutic opportunities for the prevention of CAD.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039276/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039276/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teslovich, Tanya M -- Musunuru, Kiran -- Smith, Albert V -- Edmondson, Andrew C -- Stylianou, Ioannis M -- Koseki, Masahiro -- Pirruccello, James P -- Ripatti, Samuli -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Willer, Cristen J -- Johansen, Christopher T -- Fouchier, Sigrid W -- Isaacs, Aaron -- Peloso, Gina M -- Barbalic, Maja -- Ricketts, Sally L -- Bis, Joshua C -- Aulchenko, Yurii S -- Thorleifsson, Gudmar -- Feitosa, Mary F -- Chambers, John -- Orho-Melander, Marju -- Melander, Olle -- Johnson, Toby -- Li, Xiaohui -- Guo, Xiuqing -- Li, Mingyao -- Shin Cho, Yoon -- Jin Go, Min -- Jin Kim, Young -- Lee, Jong-Young -- Park, Taesung -- Kim, Kyunga -- Sim, Xueling -- Twee-Hee Ong, Rick -- Croteau-Chonka, Damien C -- Lange, Leslie A -- Smith, Joshua D -- Song, Kijoung -- Hua Zhao, Jing -- Yuan, Xin -- Luan, Jian'an -- Lamina, Claudia -- Ziegler, Andreas -- Zhang, Weihua -- Zee, Robert Y L -- Wright, Alan F -- Witteman, Jacqueline C M -- Wilson, James F -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Wichmann, H-Erich -- Whitfield, John B -- Waterworth, Dawn M -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Waeber, Gerard -- Vollenweider, Peter -- Voight, Benjamin F -- Vitart, Veronique -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Uda, Manuela -- Tuomilehto, Jaakko -- Thompson, John R -- Tanaka, Toshiko -- Surakka, Ida -- Stringham, Heather M -- Spector, Tim D -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Smit, Johannes H -- Sinisalo, Juha -- Silander, Kaisa -- Sijbrands, Eric J G -- Scuteri, Angelo -- Scott, James -- Schlessinger, David -- Sanna, Serena -- Salomaa, Veikko -- Saharinen, Juha -- Sabatti, Chiara -- Ruokonen, Aimo -- Rudan, Igor -- Rose, Lynda M -- Roberts, Robert -- Rieder, Mark -- Psaty, Bruce M -- Pramstaller, Peter P -- Pichler, Irene -- Perola, Markus -- Penninx, Brenda W J H -- Pedersen, Nancy L -- Pattaro, Cristian -- Parker, Alex N -- Pare, Guillaume -- Oostra, Ben A -- O'Donnell, Christopher J -- Nieminen, Markku S -- Nickerson, Deborah A -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Meitinger, Thomas -- McPherson, Ruth -- McCarthy, Mark I -- McArdle, Wendy -- Masson, David -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Marroni, Fabio -- Mangino, Massimo -- Magnusson, Patrik K E -- Lucas, Gavin -- Luben, Robert -- Loos, Ruth J F -- Lokki, Marja-Liisa -- Lettre, Guillaume -- Langenberg, Claudia -- Launer, Lenore J -- Lakatta, Edward G -- Laaksonen, Reijo -- Kyvik, Kirsten O -- Kronenberg, Florian -- Konig, Inke R -- Khaw, Kay-Tee -- Kaprio, Jaakko -- Kaplan, Lee M -- Johansson, Asa -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Janssens, A Cecile J W -- Ingelsson, Erik -- Igl, Wilmar -- Kees Hovingh, G -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Hofman, Albert -- Hicks, Andrew A -- Hengstenberg, Christian -- Heid, Iris M -- Hayward, Caroline -- Havulinna, Aki S -- Hastie, Nicholas D -- Harris, Tamara B -- Haritunians, Talin -- Hall, Alistair S -- Gyllensten, Ulf -- Guiducci, Candace -- Groop, Leif C -- Gonzalez, Elena -- Gieger, Christian -- Freimer, Nelson B -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Erdmann, Jeanette -- Elliott, Paul -- Ejebe, Kenechi G -- Doring, Angela -- Dominiczak, Anna F -- Demissie, Serkalem -- Deloukas, Panagiotis -- de Geus, Eco J C -- de Faire, Ulf -- Crawford, Gabriel -- Collins, Francis S -- Chen, Yii-der I -- Caulfield, Mark J -- Campbell, Harry -- Burtt, Noel P -- Bonnycastle, Lori L -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Boekholdt, S Matthijs -- Bergman, Richard N -- Barroso, Ines -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Ballantyne, Christie M -- Assimes, Themistocles L -- Quertermous, Thomas -- Altshuler, David -- Seielstad, Mark -- Wong, Tien Y -- Tai, E-Shyong -- Feranil, Alan B -- Kuzawa, Christopher W -- Adair, Linda S -- Taylor, Herman A Jr -- Borecki, Ingrid B -- Gabriel, Stacey B -- Wilson, James G -- Holm, Hilma -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- Gudnason, Vilmundur -- Krauss, Ronald M -- Mohlke, Karen L -- Ordovas, Jose M -- Munroe, Patricia B -- Kooner, Jaspal S -- Tall, Alan R -- Hegele, Robert A -- Kastelein, John J P -- Schadt, Eric E -- Rotter, Jerome I -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Strachan, David P -- Mooser, Vincent -- Stefansson, Kari -- Reilly, Muredach P -- Samani, Nilesh J -- Schunkert, Heribert -- Cupples, L Adrienne -- Sandhu, Manjinder S -- Ridker, Paul M -- Rader, Daniel J -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Peltonen, Leena -- Abecasis, Goncalo R -- Boehnke, Michael -- Kathiresan, Sekar -- 068545/Z/02/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076113/B/04/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077016/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 079895/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1Z01 HG000024/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01DK06833603/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 5R01DK07568102/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HL087679-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HL08770003/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HL08821502/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- CA 047988/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CZB/4/710/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- DK062370/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK072193/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK078150/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK56350/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- ES10126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- G0000934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0401527/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0601966/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700931/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0701863/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0801056/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0801566/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9521010/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9521010D/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- HHSN268200625226C/PHS HHS/ -- HL 04381/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 080467/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-54776/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL085144/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL098364/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HL098364-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K99HL094535/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- M01-RR00425/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- MC_QA137934/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106179471/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U106188470/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U127561128/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- N01 HC-15103/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01 HC-55222/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-AG-12100/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-25195/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-35129/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-45133/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55015/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55016/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55018/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55019/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55020/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55021/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-55022/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-75150/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85079/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85080/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85081/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85082/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85083/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85084/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85085/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HC-85086/HC/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HG-65403/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- N02-HL-6-4278/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- PG/02/128/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- PG/08/094/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- PG/08/094/26019/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- R01 DK072193/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK078150/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087647/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL087676/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL089650/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL086694/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL087641/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL087652/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL59367/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R24 HD050924/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- RC1 HL099634/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC1 HL099634-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC1 HL099793/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL101864,/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RC2 HL102419/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- RG/07/005/23633/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RR20649/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- SP/08/005/25115/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- T32 GM007092/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG00040/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32HL007208/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- TW05596/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062370/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 DK062418/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL069757/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL080295/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004402/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 RR020278/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR025005/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 5;466(7307):707-13. doi: 10.1038/nature09270.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686565" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The extent to which low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF 〈/= 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants, as well as rare, population-specific, coding variants. Here we identify novel non-coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (ntotal = 53,236) and fracture (ntotal = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole-genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population-based genome sequencing consortium), whole-exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low-frequency non-coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD (rs11692564(T), MAF = 1.6%, replication effect size = +0.20 s.d., Pmeta = 2 x 10(-14)), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 x 10(-11); ncases = 98,742 and ncontrols = 409,511). Using an En1(cre/flox) mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low-frequency non-coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size = +0.41 s.d., Pmeta = 1 x 10(-11)). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non-coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low-frequency non-coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole-genome sequencing and improved imputation reference panels to study the genetic architecture of complex traits and disease in the general population.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755714/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755714/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, Hou-Feng -- Forgetta, Vincenzo -- Hsu, Yi-Hsiang -- Estrada, Karol -- Rosello-Diez, Alberto -- Leo, Paul J -- Dahia, Chitra L -- Park-Min, Kyung Hyun -- Tobias, Jonathan H -- Kooperberg, Charles -- Kleinman, Aaron -- Styrkarsdottir, Unnur -- Liu, Ching-Ti -- Uggla, Charlotta -- Evans, Daniel S -- Nielson, Carrie M -- Walter, Klaudia -- Pettersson-Kymmer, Ulrika -- McCarthy, Shane -- Eriksson, Joel -- Kwan, Tony -- Jhamai, Mila -- Trajanoska, Katerina -- Memari, Yasin -- Min, Josine -- Huang, Jie -- Danecek, Petr -- Wilmot, Beth -- Li, Rui -- Chou, Wen-Chi -- Mokry, Lauren E -- Moayyeri, Alireza -- Claussnitzer, Melina -- Cheng, Chia-Ho -- Cheung, Warren -- Medina-Gomez, Carolina -- Ge, Bing -- Chen, Shu-Huang -- Choi, Kwangbom -- Oei, Ling -- Fraser, James -- Kraaij, Robert -- Hibbs, Matthew A -- Gregson, Celia L -- Paquette, Denis -- Hofman, Albert -- Wibom, Carl -- Tranah, Gregory J -- Marshall, Mhairi -- Gardiner, Brooke B -- Cremin, Katie -- Auer, Paul -- Hsu, Li -- Ring, Sue -- Tung, Joyce Y -- Thorleifsson, Gudmar -- Enneman, Anke W -- van Schoor, Natasja M -- de Groot, Lisette C P G M -- van der Velde, Nathalie -- Melin, Beatrice -- Kemp, John P -- Christiansen, Claus -- Sayers, Adrian -- Zhou, Yanhua -- Calderari, Sophie -- van Rooij, Jeroen -- Carlson, Chris -- Peters, Ulrike -- Berlivet, Soizik -- Dostie, Josee -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- Williams, Stephen R -- Farber, Charles -- Grinberg, Daniel -- LaCroix, Andrea Z -- Haessler, Jeff -- Chasman, Daniel I -- Giulianini, Franco -- Rose, Lynda M -- Ridker, Paul M -- Eisman, John A -- Nguyen, Tuan V -- Center, Jacqueline R -- Nogues, Xavier -- Garcia-Giralt, Natalia -- Launer, Lenore L -- Gudnason, Vilmunder -- Mellstrom, Dan -- Vandenput, Liesbeth -- Amin, Najaf -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Karlsson, Magnus K -- Ljunggren, Osten -- Svensson, Olle -- Hallmans, Goran -- Rousseau, Francois -- Giroux, Sylvie -- Bussiere, Johanne -- Arp, Pascal P -- Koromani, Fjorda -- Prince, Richard L -- Lewis, Joshua R -- Langdahl, Bente L -- Hermann, A Pernille -- Jensen, Jens-Erik B -- Kaptoge, Stephen -- Khaw, Kay-Tee -- Reeve, Jonathan -- Formosa, Melissa M -- Xuereb-Anastasi, Angela -- Akesson, Kristina -- McGuigan, Fiona E -- Garg, Gaurav -- Olmos, Jose M -- Zarrabeitia, Maria T -- Riancho, Jose A -- Ralston, Stuart H -- Alonso, Nerea -- Jiang, Xi -- Goltzman, David -- Pastinen, Tomi -- Grundberg, Elin -- Gauguier, Dominique -- Orwoll, Eric S -- Karasik, David -- Davey-Smith, George -- AOGC Consortium -- Smith, Albert V -- Siggeirsdottir, Kristin -- Harris, Tamara B -- Zillikens, M Carola -- van Meurs, Joyce B J -- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur -- Maurano, Matthew T -- Timpson, Nicholas J -- Soranzo, Nicole -- Durbin, Richard -- Wilson, Scott G -- Ntzani, Evangelia E -- Brown, Matthew A -- Stefansson, Kari -- Hinds, David A -- Spector, Tim -- Cupples, L Adrienne -- Ohlsson, Claes -- Greenwood, Celia M T -- UK10K Consortium -- Jackson, Rebecca D -- Rowe, David W -- Loomis, Cynthia A -- Evans, David M -- Ackert-Bicknell, Cheryl L -- Joyner, Alexandra L -- Duncan, Emma L -- Kiel, Douglas P -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Richards, J Brent -- G1000143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K01 AR062655/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- MC_UU_12013/3/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 AG005394/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG005407/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG027574/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG027576/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR035582/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR035583/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2 AR058973/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG018197/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG042140/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG042143/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045580/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045583/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045614/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045632/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045647/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR045654/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AR066160/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):112-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14878. Epub 2015 Sep 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3T 1E2, Canada. ; Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands. ; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane 4102, Australia. ; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York 10021, USA. ; Rheumatology Divison, Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York 10021, USA. ; School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK. ; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Department of Research, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94041, USA. ; Department of Population Genomics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. ; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden. ; California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Bone &Mineral Unit, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. ; Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Umea University, Umea S-901 87, Sweden. ; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea SE-901 87, Sweden. ; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-413 45, Sweden. ; McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal H3A 0G1, Canada. ; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands. ; Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Department of Medical and Clinical Informatics, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK. ; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK. ; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1B1, Canada. ; Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden 2300RC, The Netherlands. ; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada. ; Department of Computer Science, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA. ; Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK. ; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umea University, Umea S-901 87, Sweden. ; School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53726, USA. ; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. ; Department of Statistics, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007 MB, The Netherlands. ; Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Section Geriatrics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105, The Netherlands. ; Nordic Bioscience, Herlev 2730, Denmark. ; Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris 75006, France. ; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Paris 75013, France. ; Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Centre for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain. ; U-720, Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona 28029, Spain. ; Department of Human Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain. ; Women's Health Center of Excellence Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, USA. ; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Osteoporosis &Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia. ; School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney 6959, Australia. ; St. Vincent's Hospital &Clinical School, NSW University, Sydney 2010, Australia. ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona 08003, Spain. ; Cooperative Research Network on Aging and Fragility (RETICEF), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Spain. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain. ; Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur IS-201, Iceland. ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Genetic epidemiology unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands. ; Department of Orthopaedics, Skane University Hospital Malmo 205 02, Sweden. ; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden. ; Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umea Unviersity, Umea 901 85, Sweden. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Universite Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, Canada. ; Axe Sante des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Sante, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec, Quebec City G1V 4G2, Canada. ; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia. ; Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia. ; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark. ; Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C 5000, Denmark. ; Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark. ; Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. ; Medicine and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. ; Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK. ; Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta. ; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmo, Lund University, 205 02, Sweden. ; Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital U.M. Valdecilla- IDIVAL, Santander 39008, Spain. ; Department of Legal Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain. ; Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. ; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA. ; Department of Medicine and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal H4A 3J1, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 13010, Israel. ; Laboratory of Epidemiology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia. ; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece. ; Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA. ; deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland. ; Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA. ; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A2, Canada. ; Department of Oncology, Gerald Bronfman Centre, McGill University, Montreal H2W 1S6, Canada. ; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. ; The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26367794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of conditions characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours. Individuals with an ASD vary greatly in cognitive development, which can range from above average to intellectual disability. Although ASDs are known to be highly heritable ( approximately 90%), the underlying genetic determinants are still largely unknown. Here we analysed the genome-wide characteristics of rare (〈1% frequency) copy number variation in ASD using dense genotyping arrays. When comparing 996 ASD individuals of European ancestry to 1,287 matched controls, cases were found to carry a higher global burden of rare, genic copy number variants (CNVs) (1.19 fold, P = 0.012), especially so for loci previously implicated in either ASD and/or intellectual disability (1.69 fold, P = 3.4 x 10(-4)). Among the CNVs there were numerous de novo and inherited events, sometimes in combination in a given family, implicating many novel ASD genes such as SHANK2, SYNGAP1, DLGAP2 and the X-linked DDX53-PTCHD1 locus. We also discovered an enrichment of CNVs disrupting functional gene sets involved in cellular proliferation, projection and motility, and GTPase/Ras signalling. Our results reveal many new genetic and functional targets in ASD that may lead to final connected pathways.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021798/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021798/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pinto, Dalila -- Pagnamenta, Alistair T -- Klei, Lambertus -- Anney, Richard -- Merico, Daniele -- Regan, Regina -- Conroy, Judith -- Magalhaes, Tiago R -- Correia, Catarina -- Abrahams, Brett S -- Almeida, Joana -- Bacchelli, Elena -- Bader, Gary D -- Bailey, Anthony J -- Baird, Gillian -- Battaglia, Agatino -- Berney, Tom -- Bolshakova, Nadia -- Bolte, Sven -- Bolton, Patrick F -- Bourgeron, Thomas -- Brennan, Sean -- Brian, Jessica -- Bryson, Susan E -- Carson, Andrew R -- Casallo, Guillermo -- Casey, Jillian -- Chung, Brian H Y -- Cochrane, Lynne -- Corsello, Christina -- Crawford, Emily L -- Crossett, Andrew -- Cytrynbaum, Cheryl -- Dawson, Geraldine -- de Jonge, Maretha -- Delorme, Richard -- Drmic, Irene -- Duketis, Eftichia -- Duque, Frederico -- Estes, Annette -- Farrar, Penny -- Fernandez, Bridget A -- Folstein, Susan E -- Fombonne, Eric -- Freitag, Christine M -- Gilbert, John -- Gillberg, Christopher -- Glessner, Joseph T -- Goldberg, Jeremy -- Green, Andrew -- Green, Jonathan -- Guter, Stephen J -- Hakonarson, Hakon -- Heron, Elizabeth A -- Hill, Matthew -- Holt, Richard -- Howe, Jennifer L -- Hughes, Gillian -- Hus, Vanessa -- Igliozzi, Roberta -- Kim, Cecilia -- Klauck, Sabine M -- Kolevzon, Alexander -- Korvatska, Olena -- Kustanovich, Vlad -- Lajonchere, Clara M -- Lamb, Janine A -- Laskawiec, Magdalena -- Leboyer, Marion -- Le Couteur, Ann -- Leventhal, Bennett L -- Lionel, Anath C -- Liu, Xiao-Qing -- Lord, Catherine -- Lotspeich, Linda -- Lund, Sabata C -- Maestrini, Elena -- Mahoney, William -- Mantoulan, Carine -- Marshall, Christian R -- McConachie, Helen -- McDougle, Christopher J -- McGrath, Jane -- McMahon, William M -- Merikangas, Alison -- Migita, Ohsuke -- Minshew, Nancy J -- Mirza, Ghazala K -- Munson, Jeff -- Nelson, Stanley F -- Noakes, Carolyn -- Noor, Abdul -- Nygren, Gudrun -- Oliveira, Guiomar -- Papanikolaou, Katerina -- Parr, Jeremy R -- Parrini, Barbara -- Paton, Tara -- Pickles, Andrew -- Pilorge, Marion -- Piven, Joseph -- Ponting, Chris P -- Posey, David J -- Poustka, Annemarie -- Poustka, Fritz -- Prasad, Aparna -- Ragoussis, Jiannis -- Renshaw, Katy -- Rickaby, Jessica -- Roberts, Wendy -- Roeder, Kathryn -- Roge, Bernadette -- Rutter, Michael L -- Bierut, Laura J -- Rice, John P -- Salt, Jeff -- Sansom, Katherine -- Sato, Daisuke -- Segurado, Ricardo -- Sequeira, Ana F -- Senman, Lili -- Shah, Naisha -- Sheffield, Val C -- Soorya, Latha -- Sousa, Ines -- Stein, Olaf -- Sykes, Nuala -- Stoppioni, Vera -- Strawbridge, Christina -- Tancredi, Raffaella -- Tansey, Katherine -- Thiruvahindrapduram, Bhooma -- Thompson, Ann P -- Thomson, Susanne -- Tryfon, Ana -- Tsiantis, John -- Van Engeland, Herman -- Vincent, John B -- Volkmar, Fred -- Wallace, Simon -- Wang, Kai -- Wang, Zhouzhi -- Wassink, Thomas H -- Webber, Caleb -- Weksberg, Rosanna -- Wing, Kirsty -- Wittemeyer, Kerstin -- Wood, Shawn -- Wu, Jing -- Yaspan, Brian L -- Zurawiecki, Danielle -- Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie -- Buxbaum, Joseph D -- Cantor, Rita M -- Cook, Edwin H -- Coon, Hilary -- Cuccaro, Michael L -- Devlin, Bernie -- Ennis, Sean -- Gallagher, Louise -- Geschwind, Daniel H -- Gill, Michael -- Haines, Jonathan L -- Hallmayer, Joachim -- Miller, Judith -- Monaco, Anthony P -- Nurnberger, John I Jr -- Paterson, Andrew D -- Pericak-Vance, Margaret A -- Schellenberg, Gerard D -- Szatmari, Peter -- Vicente, Astrid M -- Vieland, Veronica J -- Wijsman, Ellen M -- Scherer, Stephen W -- Sutcliffe, James S -- Betancur, Catalina -- 075491/Z/04/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- AS2077/Autism Speaks/ -- AS7462/Autism Speaks/ -- G0601030/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- HD055751/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD055782/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD055784/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD35465/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- MC_U137761446/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MH061009/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH06359/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH066673/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH080647/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH081754/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH52708/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH55284/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH57881/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH66766/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS026630/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS042165/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS049261/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089392/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089392-08/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD035465-01S1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS026630/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS026630-15/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055748/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055748-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055748-02/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055748-03/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055751/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055751-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055782/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055782-04/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA013423/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA013423-05/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019963/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019963-01A2/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019963-02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019963-03/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH052708-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH055284/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH055284-04/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH057881/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH057881-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH061009/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH061009-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH080647/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH080647-11/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH081754/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH081754-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042165/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS042165-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS049261/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS049261-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004422/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004422-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U10 MH066766-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U19 HD035469/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U19 HD035469-06/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U19 HD035469-07/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U19 HD035469-08/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U19 HD035469-09/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U19 HD035469-10/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U54 MH066673/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U54 MH066673-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000448/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 15;466(7304):368-72. doi: 10.1038/nature09146. Epub 2010 Jun 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20531469" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Multiple sclerosis is a common disease of the central nervous system in which the interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes typically results in intermittent neurological disturbance followed by progressive accumulation of disability. Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors are primarily responsible for the substantially increased frequency of the disease seen in the relatives of affected individuals, and systematic attempts to identify linkage in multiplex families have confirmed that variation within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exerts the greatest individual effect on risk. Modestly powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled more than 20 additional risk loci to be identified and have shown that multiple variants exerting modest individual effects have a key role in disease susceptibility. Most of the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility to the disease remains to be defined and is anticipated to require the analysis of sample sizes that are beyond the numbers currently available to individual research groups. In a collaborative GWAS involving 9,772 cases of European descent collected by 23 research groups working in 15 different countries, we have replicated almost all of the previously suggested associations and identified at least a further 29 novel susceptibility loci. Within the MHC we have refined the identity of the HLA-DRB1 risk alleles and confirmed that variation in the HLA-A gene underlies the independent protective effect attributable to the class I region. Immunologically relevant genes are significantly overrepresented among those mapping close to the identified loci and particularly implicate T-helper-cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182531/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182531/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium -- Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 -- Sawcer, Stephen -- Hellenthal, Garrett -- Pirinen, Matti -- Spencer, Chris C A -- Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A -- Moutsianas, Loukas -- Dilthey, Alexander -- Su, Zhan -- Freeman, Colin -- Hunt, Sarah E -- Edkins, Sarah -- Gray, Emma -- Booth, David R -- Potter, Simon C -- Goris, An -- Band, Gavin -- Oturai, Annette Bang -- Strange, Amy -- Saarela, Janna -- Bellenguez, Celine -- Fontaine, Bertrand -- Gillman, Matthew -- Hemmer, Bernhard -- Gwilliam, Rhian -- Zipp, Frauke -- Jayakumar, Alagurevathi -- Martin, Roland -- Leslie, Stephen -- Hawkins, Stanley -- Giannoulatou, Eleni -- D'alfonso, Sandra -- Blackburn, Hannah -- Martinelli Boneschi, Filippo -- Liddle, Jennifer -- Harbo, Hanne F -- Perez, Marc L -- Spurkland, Anne -- Waller, Matthew J -- Mycko, Marcin P -- Ricketts, Michelle -- Comabella, Manuel -- Hammond, Naomi -- Kockum, Ingrid -- McCann, Owen T -- Ban, Maria -- Whittaker, Pamela -- Kemppinen, Anu -- Weston, Paul -- Hawkins, Clive -- Widaa, Sara -- Zajicek, John -- Dronov, Serge -- Robertson, Neil -- Bumpstead, Suzannah J -- Barcellos, Lisa F -- Ravindrarajah, Rathi -- Abraham, Roby -- Alfredsson, Lars -- Ardlie, Kristin -- Aubin, Cristin -- Baker, Amie -- Baker, Katharine -- Baranzini, Sergio E -- Bergamaschi, Laura -- Bergamaschi, Roberto -- Bernstein, Allan -- Berthele, Achim -- Boggild, Mike -- Bradfield, Jonathan P -- Brassat, David -- Broadley, Simon A -- Buck, Dorothea -- Butzkueven, Helmut -- Capra, Ruggero -- Carroll, William M -- Cavalla, Paola -- Celius, Elisabeth G -- Cepok, Sabine -- Chiavacci, Rosetta -- Clerget-Darpoux, Francoise -- Clysters, Katleen -- Comi, Giancarlo -- Cossburn, Mark -- Cournu-Rebeix, Isabelle -- Cox, Mathew B -- Cozen, Wendy -- Cree, Bruce A C -- Cross, Anne H -- Cusi, Daniele -- Daly, Mark J -- Davis, Emma -- de Bakker, Paul I W -- Debouverie, Marc -- D'hooghe, Marie Beatrice -- Dixon, Katherine -- Dobosi, Rita -- Dubois, Benedicte -- Ellinghaus, David -- Elovaara, Irina -- Esposito, Federica -- Fontenille, Claire -- Foote, Simon -- Franke, Andre -- Galimberti, Daniela -- Ghezzi, Angelo -- Glessner, Joseph -- Gomez, Refujia -- Gout, Olivier -- Graham, Colin -- Grant, Struan F A -- Guerini, Franca Rosa -- Hakonarson, Hakon -- Hall, Per -- Hamsten, Anders -- Hartung, Hans-Peter -- Heard, Rob N -- Heath, Simon -- Hobart, Jeremy -- Hoshi, Muna -- Infante-Duarte, Carmen -- Ingram, Gillian -- Ingram, Wendy -- Islam, Talat -- Jagodic, Maja -- Kabesch, Michael -- Kermode, Allan G -- Kilpatrick, Trevor J -- Kim, Cecilia -- Klopp, Norman -- Koivisto, Keijo -- Larsson, Malin -- Lathrop, Mark -- Lechner-Scott, Jeannette S -- Leone, Maurizio A -- Leppa, Virpi -- Liljedahl, Ulrika -- Bomfim, Izaura Lima -- Lincoln, Robin R -- Link, Jenny -- Liu, Jianjun -- Lorentzen, Aslaug R -- Lupoli, Sara -- Macciardi, Fabio -- Mack, Thomas -- Marriott, Mark -- Martinelli, Vittorio -- Mason, Deborah -- McCauley, Jacob L -- Mentch, Frank -- Mero, Inger-Lise -- Mihalova, Tania -- Montalban, Xavier -- Mottershead, John -- Myhr, Kjell-Morten -- Naldi, Paola -- Ollier, William -- Page, Alison -- Palotie, Aarno -- Pelletier, Jean -- Piccio, Laura -- Pickersgill, Trevor -- Piehl, Fredrik -- Pobywajlo, Susan -- Quach, Hong L -- Ramsay, Patricia P -- Reunanen, Mauri -- Reynolds, Richard -- Rioux, John D -- Rodegher, Mariaemma -- Roesner, Sabine -- Rubio, Justin P -- Ruckert, Ina-Maria -- Salvetti, Marco -- Salvi, Erika -- Santaniello, Adam -- Schaefer, Catherine A -- Schreiber, Stefan -- Schulze, Christian -- Scott, Rodney J -- Sellebjerg, Finn -- Selmaj, Krzysztof W -- Sexton, David -- Shen, Ling -- Simms-Acuna, Brigid -- Skidmore, Sheila -- Sleiman, Patrick M A -- Smestad, Cathrine -- Sorensen, Per Soelberg -- Sondergaard, Helle Bach -- Stankovich, Jim -- Strange, Richard C -- Sulonen, Anna-Maija -- Sundqvist, Emilie -- Syvanen, Ann-Christine -- Taddeo, Francesca -- Taylor, Bruce -- Blackwell, Jenefer M -- Tienari, Pentti -- Bramon, Elvira -- Tourbah, Ayman -- Brown, Matthew A -- Tronczynska, Ewa -- Casas, Juan P -- Tubridy, Niall -- Corvin, Aiden -- Vickery, Jane -- Jankowski, Janusz -- Villoslada, Pablo -- Markus, Hugh S -- Wang, Kai -- Mathew, Christopher G -- Wason, James -- Palmer, Colin N A -- Wichmann, H-Erich -- Plomin, Robert -- Willoughby, Ernest -- Rautanen, Anna -- Winkelmann, Juliane -- Wittig, Michael -- Trembath, Richard C -- Yaouanq, Jacqueline -- Viswanathan, Ananth C -- Zhang, Haitao -- Wood, Nicholas W -- Zuvich, Rebecca -- Deloukas, Panos -- Langford, Cordelia -- Duncanson, Audrey -- Oksenberg, Jorge R -- Pericak-Vance, Margaret A -- Haines, Jonathan L -- Olsson, Tomas -- Hillert, Jan -- Ivinson, Adrian J -- De Jager, Philip L -- Peltonen, Leena -- Stewart, Graeme J -- Hafler, David A -- Hauser, Stephen L -- McVean, Gil -- Donnelly, Peter -- Compston, Alastair -- 068545/Z/02/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 075491/Z/04/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 084702/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 085475/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 085475/B/08/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 085475/Z/08/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 090532/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 898/Multiple Sclerosis Society/United Kingdom -- AI076544/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA104021/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- G0100594/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0400017/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700061/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0901310/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0901461/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G19/2/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K23N/S048869/PHS HHS/ -- NS032830/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS049477/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS049510/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS067305/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS19142/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS26799/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS43559/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- PDA/02/06/016/Department of Health/United Kingdom -- R01 NS026799/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS049477/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS049477-06A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RR020092/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR024992/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000448/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 10;476(7359):214-9. doi: 10.1038/nature10251.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21833088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) approximately 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for approximately 2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3751588/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3751588/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rietveld, Cornelius A -- Medland, Sarah E -- Derringer, Jaime -- Yang, Jian -- Esko, Tonu -- Martin, Nicolas W -- Westra, Harm-Jan -- Shakhbazov, Konstantin -- Abdellaoui, Abdel -- Agrawal, Arpana -- Albrecht, Eva -- Alizadeh, Behrooz Z -- Amin, Najaf -- Barnard, John -- Baumeister, Sebastian E -- Benke, Kelly S -- Bielak, Lawrence F -- Boatman, Jeffrey A -- Boyle, Patricia A -- Davies, Gail -- de Leeuw, Christiaan -- Eklund, Niina -- Evans, Daniel S -- Ferhmann, Rudolf -- Fischer, Krista -- Gieger, Christian -- Gjessing, Hakon K -- Hagg, Sara -- Harris, Jennifer R -- Hayward, Caroline -- Holzapfel, Christina -- Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A -- Ingelsson, Erik -- Jacobsson, Bo -- Joshi, Peter K -- Jugessur, Astanand -- Kaakinen, Marika -- Kanoni, Stavroula -- Karjalainen, Juha -- Kolcic, Ivana -- Kristiansson, Kati -- Kutalik, Zoltan -- Lahti, Jari -- Lee, Sang H -- Lin, Peng -- Lind, Penelope A -- Liu, Yongmei -- Lohman, Kurt -- Loitfelder, Marisa -- McMahon, George -- Vidal, Pedro Marques -- Meirelles, Osorio -- Milani, Lili -- Myhre, Ronny -- Nuotio, Marja-Liisa -- Oldmeadow, Christopher J -- Petrovic, Katja E -- Peyrot, Wouter J -- Polasek, Ozren -- Quaye, Lydia -- Reinmaa, Eva -- Rice, John P -- Rizzi, Thais S -- Schmidt, Helena -- Schmidt, Reinhold -- Smith, Albert V -- Smith, Jennifer A -- Tanaka, Toshiko -- Terracciano, Antonio -- van der Loos, Matthijs J H M -- Vitart, Veronique -- Volzke, Henry -- Wellmann, Jurgen -- Yu, Lei -- Zhao, Wei -- Allik, Juri -- Attia, John R -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Bastardot, Francois -- Beauchamp, Jonathan -- Bennett, David A -- Berger, Klaus -- Bierut, Laura J -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Bultmann, Ute -- Campbell, Harry -- Chabris, Christopher F -- Cherkas, Lynn -- Chung, Mina K -- Cucca, Francesco -- de Andrade, Mariza -- De Jager, Philip L -- De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel -- Deary, Ian J -- Dedoussis, George V -- Deloukas, Panos -- Dimitriou, Maria -- Eiriksdottir, Guethny -- Elderson, Martin F -- Eriksson, Johan G -- Evans, David M -- Faul, Jessica D -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Garcia, Melissa E -- Gronberg, Henrik -- Guethnason, Vilmundur -- Hall, Per -- Harris, Juliette M -- Harris, Tamara B -- Hastie, Nicholas D -- Heath, Andrew C -- Hernandez, Dena G -- Hoffmann, Wolfgang -- Hofman, Adriaan -- Holle, Rolf -- Holliday, Elizabeth G -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Iacono, William G -- Illig, Thomas -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Kahonen, Mika -- Kaprio, Jaakko -- Kirkpatrick, Robert M -- Kowgier, Matthew -- Latvala, Antti -- Launer, Lenore J -- Lawlor, Debbie A -- Lehtimaki, Terho -- Li, Jingmei -- Lichtenstein, Paul -- Lichtner, Peter -- Liewald, David C -- Madden, Pamela A -- Magnusson, Patrik K E -- Makinen, Tomi E -- Masala, Marco -- McGue, Matt -- Metspalu, Andres -- Mielck, Andreas -- Miller, Michael B -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Mukherjee, Sutapa -- Nyholt, Dale R -- Oostra, Ben A -- Palmer, Lyle J -- Palotie, Aarno -- Penninx, Brenda W J H -- Perola, Markus -- Peyser, Patricia A -- Preisig, Martin -- Raikkonen, Katri -- Raitakari, Olli T -- Realo, Anu -- Ring, Susan M -- Ripatti, Samuli -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Rudan, Igor -- Rustichini, Aldo -- Salomaa, Veikko -- Sarin, Antti-Pekka -- Schlessinger, David -- Scott, Rodney J -- Snieder, Harold -- St Pourcain, Beate -- Starr, John M -- Sul, Jae Hoon -- Surakka, Ida -- Svento, Rauli -- Teumer, Alexander -- LifeLines Cohort Study -- Tiemeier, Henning -- van Rooij, Frank J A -- Van Wagoner, David R -- Vartiainen, Erkki -- Viikari, Jorma -- Vollenweider, Peter -- Vonk, Judith M -- Waeber, Gerard -- Weir, David R -- Wichmann, H-Erich -- Widen, Elisabeth -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Wilson, James F -- Wright, Alan F -- Conley, Dalton -- Davey-Smith, George -- Franke, Lude -- Groenen, Patrick J F -- Hofman, Albert -- Johannesson, Magnus -- Kardia, Sharon L R -- Krueger, Robert F -- Laibson, David -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Meyer, Michelle N -- Posthuma, Danielle -- Thurik, A Roy -- Timpson, Nicholas J -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Visscher, Peter M -- Benjamin, Daniel J -- Cesarini, David -- Koellinger, Philipp D -- AA09367/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA11886/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- BB/F019394/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- CZB/4/710/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- DA024417/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA029377/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA05147/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA13240/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- ETM/55/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- F31 DA029377/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- G0600705/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700704/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9815508/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K05 AA017688/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- MC_PC_U127561128/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/3/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/5/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MH016880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH066140/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MR/K026992/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P01 AG005842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089392/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM099568/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01-AG005842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01-AG005842-20S2/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 AG012810/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30-AG012810/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AA009367/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AA011886/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA013240/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL090620/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL105756/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL111314/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH066140/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37 DA005147/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- T32 AG000186/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH016880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32-AG000186-23/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG009740/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 DA024417/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AG001050-01/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AG000196-03/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AG000196-04/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 21;340(6139):1467-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1235488. Epub 2013 May 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23722424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: A 2.91-billion base pair (bp) consensus sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome was generated by the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method. The 14.8-billion bp DNA sequence was generated over 9 months from 27,271,853 high-quality sequence reads (5.11-fold coverage of the genome) from both ends of plasmid clones made from the DNA of five individuals. Two assembly strategies-a whole-genome assembly and a regional chromosome assembly-were used, each combining sequence data from Celera and the publicly funded genome effort. The public data were shredded into 550-bp segments to create a 2.9-fold coverage of those genome regions that had been sequenced, without including biases inherent in the cloning and assembly procedure used by the publicly funded group. This brought the effective coverage in the assemblies to eightfold, reducing the number and size of gaps in the final assembly over what would be obtained with 5.11-fold coverage. The two assembly strategies yielded very similar results that largely agree with independent mapping data. The assemblies effectively cover the euchromatic regions of the human chromosomes. More than 90% of the genome is in scaffold assemblies of 100,000 bp or more, and 25% of the genome is in scaffolds of 10 million bp or larger. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed 26,588 protein-encoding transcripts for which there was strong corroborating evidence and an additional approximately 12,000 computationally derived genes with mouse matches or other weak supporting evidence. Although gene-dense clusters are obvious, almost half the genes are dispersed in low G+C sequence separated by large tracts of apparently noncoding sequence. Only 1.1% of the genome is spanned by exons, whereas 24% is in introns, with 75% of the genome being intergenic DNA. Duplications of segmental blocks, ranging in size up to chromosomal lengths, are abundant throughout the genome and reveal a complex evolutionary history. Comparative genomic analysis indicates vertebrate expansions of genes associated with neuronal function, with tissue-specific developmental regulation, and with the hemostasis and immune systems. DNA sequence comparisons between the consensus sequence and publicly funded genome data provided locations of 2.1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A random pair of human haploid genomes differed at a rate of 1 bp per 1250 on average, but there was marked heterogeneity in the level of polymorphism across the genome. Less than 1% of all SNPs resulted in variation in proteins, but the task of determining which SNPs have functional consequences remains an open challenge.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Venter, J C -- Adams, M D -- Myers, E W -- Li, P W -- Mural, R J -- Sutton, G G -- Smith, H O -- Yandell, M -- Evans, C A -- Holt, R A -- Gocayne, J D -- Amanatides, P -- Ballew, R M -- Huson, D H -- Wortman, J R -- Zhang, Q -- Kodira, C D -- Zheng, X H -- Chen, L -- Skupski, M -- Subramanian, G -- Thomas, P D -- Zhang, J -- Gabor Miklos, G L -- Nelson, C -- Broder, S -- Clark, A G -- Nadeau, J -- McKusick, V A -- Zinder, N -- Levine, A J -- Roberts, R J -- Simon, M -- Slayman, C -- Hunkapiller, M -- Bolanos, R -- Delcher, A -- Dew, I -- Fasulo, D -- Flanigan, M -- Florea, L -- Halpern, A -- Hannenhalli, S -- Kravitz, S -- Levy, S -- Mobarry, C -- Reinert, K -- Remington, K -- Abu-Threideh, J -- Beasley, E -- Biddick, K -- Bonazzi, V -- Brandon, R -- Cargill, M -- Chandramouliswaran, I -- Charlab, R -- Chaturvedi, K -- Deng, Z -- Di Francesco, V -- Dunn, P -- Eilbeck, K -- Evangelista, C -- Gabrielian, A E -- Gan, W -- Ge, W -- Gong, F -- Gu, Z -- Guan, P -- Heiman, T J -- Higgins, M E -- Ji, R R -- Ke, Z -- Ketchum, K A -- Lai, Z -- Lei, Y -- Li, Z -- Li, J -- Liang, Y -- Lin, X -- Lu, F -- Merkulov, G V -- Milshina, N -- Moore, H M -- Naik, A K -- Narayan, V A -- Neelam, B -- Nusskern, D -- Rusch, D B -- Salzberg, S -- Shao, W -- Shue, B -- Sun, J -- Wang, Z -- Wang, A -- Wang, X -- Wang, J -- Wei, M -- Wides, R -- Xiao, C -- Yan, C -- Yao, A -- Ye, J -- Zhan, M -- Zhang, W -- Zhang, H -- Zhao, Q -- Zheng, L -- Zhong, F -- Zhong, W -- Zhu, S -- Zhao, S -- Gilbert, D -- Baumhueter, S -- Spier, G -- Carter, C -- Cravchik, A -- Woodage, T -- Ali, F -- An, H -- Awe, A -- Baldwin, D -- Baden, H -- Barnstead, M -- Barrow, I -- Beeson, K -- Busam, D -- Carver, A -- Center, A -- Cheng, M L -- Curry, L -- Danaher, S -- Davenport, L -- Desilets, R -- Dietz, S -- Dodson, K -- Doup, L -- Ferriera, S -- Garg, N -- Gluecksmann, A -- Hart, B -- Haynes, J -- Haynes, C -- Heiner, C -- Hladun, S -- Hostin, D -- Houck, J -- Howland, T -- Ibegwam, C -- Johnson, J -- Kalush, F -- Kline, L -- Koduru, S -- Love, A -- Mann, F -- May, D -- McCawley, S -- McIntosh, T -- McMullen, I -- Moy, M -- Moy, L -- Murphy, B -- Nelson, K -- Pfannkoch, C -- Pratts, E -- Puri, V -- Qureshi, H -- Reardon, M -- Rodriguez, R -- Rogers, Y H -- Romblad, D -- Ruhfel, B -- Scott, R -- Sitter, C -- Smallwood, M -- Stewart, E -- Strong, R -- Suh, E -- Thomas, R -- Tint, N N -- Tse, S -- Vech, C -- Wang, G -- Wetter, J -- Williams, S -- Williams, M -- Windsor, S -- Winn-Deen, E -- Wolfe, K -- Zaveri, J -- Zaveri, K -- Abril, J F -- Guigo, R -- Campbell, M J -- Sjolander, K V -- Karlak, B -- Kejariwal, A -- Mi, H -- Lazareva, B -- Hatton, T -- Narechania, A -- Diemer, K -- Muruganujan, A -- Guo, N -- Sato, S -- Bafna, V -- Istrail, S -- Lippert, R -- Schwartz, R -- Walenz, B -- Yooseph, S -- Allen, D -- Basu, A -- Baxendale, J -- Blick, L -- Caminha, M -- Carnes-Stine, J -- Caulk, P -- Chiang, Y H -- Coyne, M -- Dahlke, C -- Mays, A -- Dombroski, M -- Donnelly, M -- Ely, D -- Esparham, S -- Fosler, C -- Gire, H -- Glanowski, S -- Glasser, K -- Glodek, A -- Gorokhov, M -- Graham, K -- Gropman, B -- Harris, M -- Heil, J -- Henderson, S -- Hoover, J -- Jennings, D -- Jordan, C -- Jordan, J -- Kasha, J -- Kagan, L -- Kraft, C -- Levitsky, A -- Lewis, M -- Liu, X -- Lopez, J -- Ma, D -- Majoros, W -- McDaniel, J -- Murphy, S -- Newman, M -- Nguyen, T -- Nguyen, N -- Nodell, M -- Pan, S -- Peck, J -- Peterson, M -- Rowe, W -- Sanders, R -- Scott, J -- Simpson, M -- Smith, T -- Sprague, A -- Stockwell, T -- Turner, R -- Venter, E -- Wang, M -- Wen, M -- Wu, D -- Wu, M -- Xia, A -- Zandieh, A -- Zhu, X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 16;291(5507):1304-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. humangenome@celera.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is an abundant primate species that diverged from the ancestors of Homo sapiens about 25 million years ago. Because they are genetically and physiologically similar to humans, rhesus monkeys are the most widely used nonhuman primate in basic and applied biomedical research. We determined the genome sequence of an Indian-origin Macaca mulatta female and compared the data with chimpanzees and humans to reveal the structure of ancestral primate genomes and to identify evidence for positive selection and lineage-specific expansions and contractions of gene families. A comparison of sequences from individual animals was used to investigate their underlying genetic diversity. The complete description of the macaque genome blueprint enhances the utility of this animal model for biomedical research and improves our understanding of the basic biology of the species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Rogers, Jeffrey -- Katze, Michael G -- Bumgarner, Roger -- Weinstock, George M -- Mardis, Elaine R -- Remington, Karin A -- Strausberg, Robert L -- Venter, J Craig -- Wilson, Richard K -- Batzer, Mark A -- Bustamante, Carlos D -- Eichler, Evan E -- Hahn, Matthew W -- Hardison, Ross C -- Makova, Kateryna D -- Miller, Webb -- Milosavljevic, Aleksandar -- Palermo, Robert E -- Siepel, Adam -- Sikela, James M -- Attaway, Tony -- Bell, Stephanie -- Bernard, Kelly E -- Buhay, Christian J -- Chandrabose, Mimi N -- Dao, Marvin -- Davis, Clay -- Delehaunty, Kimberly D -- Ding, Yan -- Dinh, Huyen H -- Dugan-Rocha, Shannon -- Fulton, Lucinda A -- Gabisi, Ramatu Ayiesha -- Garner, Toni T -- Godfrey, Jennifer -- Hawes, Alicia C -- Hernandez, Judith -- Hines, Sandra -- Holder, Michael -- Hume, Jennifer -- Jhangiani, Shalini N -- Joshi, Vandita -- Khan, Ziad Mohid -- Kirkness, Ewen F -- Cree, Andrew -- Fowler, R Gerald -- Lee, Sandra -- Lewis, Lora R -- Li, Zhangwan -- Liu, Yih-Shin -- Moore, Stephanie M -- Muzny, Donna -- Nazareth, Lynne V -- Ngo, Dinh Ngoc -- Okwuonu, Geoffrey O -- Pai, Grace -- Parker, David -- Paul, Heidie A -- Pfannkoch, Cynthia -- Pohl, Craig S -- Rogers, Yu-Hui -- Ruiz, San Juana -- Sabo, Aniko -- Santibanez, Jireh -- Schneider, Brian W -- Smith, Scott M -- Sodergren, Erica -- Svatek, Amanda F -- Utterback, Teresa R -- Vattathil, Selina -- Warren, Wesley -- White, Courtney Sherell -- Chinwalla, Asif T -- Feng, Yucheng -- Halpern, Aaron L -- Hillier, Ladeana W -- Huang, Xiaoqiu -- Minx, Pat -- Nelson, Joanne O -- Pepin, Kymberlie H -- Qin, Xiang -- Sutton, Granger G -- Venter, Eli -- Walenz, Brian P -- Wallis, John W -- Worley, Kim C -- Yang, Shiaw-Pyng -- Jones, Steven M -- Marra, Marco A -- Rocchi, Mariano -- Schein, Jacqueline E -- Baertsch, Robert -- Clarke, Laura -- Csuros, Miklos -- Glasscock, Jarret -- Harris, R Alan -- Havlak, Paul -- Jackson, Andrew R -- Jiang, Huaiyang -- Liu, Yue -- Messina, David N -- Shen, Yufeng -- Song, Henry Xing-Zhi -- Wylie, Todd -- Zhang, Lan -- Birney, Ewan -- Han, Kyudong -- Konkel, Miriam K -- Lee, Jungnam -- Smit, Arian F A -- Ullmer, Brygg -- Wang, Hui -- Xing, Jinchuan -- Burhans, Richard -- Cheng, Ze -- Karro, John E -- Ma, Jian -- Raney, Brian -- She, Xinwei -- Cox, Michael J -- Demuth, Jeffery P -- Dumas, Laura J -- Han, Sang-Gook -- Hopkins, Janet -- Karimpour-Fard, Anis -- Kim, Young H -- Pollack, Jonathan R -- Vinar, Tomas -- Addo-Quaye, Charles -- Degenhardt, Jeremiah -- Denby, Alexandra -- Hubisz, Melissa J -- Indap, Amit -- Kosiol, Carolin -- Lahn, Bruce T -- Lawson, Heather A -- Marklein, Alison -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- Vallender, Eric J -- Clark, Andrew G -- Ferguson, Betsy -- Hernandez, Ryan D -- Hirani, Kashif -- Kehrer-Sawatzki, Hildegard -- Kolb, Jessica -- Patil, Shobha -- Pu, Ling-Ling -- Ren, Yanru -- Smith, David Glenn -- Wheeler, David A -- Schenck, Ian -- Ball, Edward V -- Chen, Rui -- Cooper, David N -- Giardine, Belinda -- Hsu, Fan -- Kent, W James -- Lesk, Arthur -- Nelson, David L -- O'brien, William E -- Prufer, Kay -- Stenson, Peter D -- Wallace, James C -- Ke, Hui -- Liu, Xiao-Ming -- Wang, Peng -- Xiang, Andy Peng -- Yang, Fan -- Barber, Galt P -- Haussler, David -- Karolchik, Donna -- Kern, Andy D -- Kuhn, Robert M -- Smith, Kayla E -- Zwieg, Ann S -- 062023/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 HG002939/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003068/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003079/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):222-34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. agibbs@bcm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉