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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40 (1990), S. 1425-1431 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) was grafted onto wool in the presence of air and nitrogen atmosphere using potassium persulphate (KPS) and thioacetic acid (TAA) as redox pair under different reaction conditions. The percentage grafting and efficiency were compared. The graft copolymer was characterized by scanning electron micrograph, thermogravimetry, and molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 107 (1967), S. 259-261 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Alkaline hydrolysis of a cyclic compound (IV) which was prepared out of a dinuclear phenolic compound gave a molecularly homogeneous tetra-methacrylic acid (VII) and the original phenolic compound. The synthesis of the same acid could also be accomplished from structurally different dinuclear phenolic compounds only when the inner molecular distance between phenolic hydroxyl groups remained favourable to the reaction.
    Notes: Es wurde aus einer phenolischen Zweikernverbindung eine cyclische Verbindung IV hergestellt, die bei der alkalischen Hydrolyse eine molekulareinheitliche Tetramethacrylsäure (VII) und die phenolische Ausgangsverbindung gab. Die Synthese der gleichen Säure (VII) gelang auch mit strukturell verschiedenen Zweikernverbindungen, wenn nur bei den verwendeten Matrizen der innermolekulare Abstand der beiden phenolischen Hydroxylgruppen für die Reaktion günstig war.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methacrylic acid esters from p-cresol, as well as from di- and trinuclear phenolic compounds have been prepared by a variety of acylation methods. The dinuclear compound contains two, and the trinuclear compound three ester linkages. When cresyl methacrylate is dissolved under conditions of high dilution in boiling benzene and, at the same time, a large excess of free radicals derived from AIBN are introduced, a polymerization is repressed. Under the same conditions, the multiple esters undergo the expected addition reaction but this is limited to an intramolecular process (intramolecular polymerization). These multiple esters yielded a cyclic compound and a molecularly homogeneous ladder oligomer. Alkaline hydrolyses of these products gave tri-, tetra- and pentamethacrylic acids. The molecular homogeneity of these oligomeric methacrylic acids was demonstrated by molecular weight determination of their methyl esters. The sequence of preparation steps gave examples of synthetic matrix reactions.
    Notes: Vom p-Kresol sowie einer phenolischen Zwei- und einer Dreikernverbindung wurden mit verschiedenen Acylierungsmethoden Methacrylsäureester erhalten; die Zweikernverbindung enthielt danach zwei und die Dreikernverbindung drei Methacrylreste. Löste man diese Methacrylsüureester in großer Verdünnung in siedendem Benzol und ließ gleichzeitig einen großen Überschuß an Radikalen aus α.α′-Azoisobuttersäuredinitril einwirken, so wurde beim Methacrylsäure-p-kresylester eine Polymerisation unterdrückt. Bei den mehrfachen Estern der Mehrkernverbindungen wurde die polyrmerisationsähnliche Additionsreaktion auf die einzelnen Moleküle begrenzt (intramolckulare Polymerisation); sie ergab neben einer cyclischen Verbindung ein molekulareinheitliches Leiteroligomeres. Mittels alkalischer Hydrolyse erhielt man aus den Produkten Tri-, Tetra- und Pentamethacrylsäuren. Die Molekulareinheitlichkeit dieser Oligomethacrylsäuren wurde durch Molekulargewichtsbestimmung an den daraus hergestellten Methylestern bewiesen. Die Reaktionsfolgen zur Herstellung oligomerer Methacrylsäuren sind Beispiele für synthetische Matrizenreaktionen.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 119 (1968), S. 74-85 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die durch das Redoxsystem Permanganat/Oxalsäure ausgelöste Polymerisation von Acrylamid wurde untersucht, und zwar unter Stickstoff in wäßriger Lösung bei 35 ± 0,2°C. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist im Konzentrationsbereich von 0,75·10-3 bis 7,5·10-3 Mol/l von der Oxalsäurekonzentration unabhängig. Bei niedriger Monomerkonzentration ist die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit dieser proportional. Der Exponent der Katalysatorkonzentration (KMnO4) nimmt mit steigender Konzentration von nahezu I auf etwa 0,65 ab, vermutlich wegen eines zusätzlichen Abbruches wachsender Ketten durch Primärradikale. Die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit nimmt mit steigender Polymerisationstemperatur zu. Zwischen 25 und 50°C beträgt die Bruttoaktivierungsenergie 11,97 kcal/mol. Kleine Mengen an MnSO4 steigern die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit beträchtlich, wogegen sie durch andere Salze (KCI, Na2SO4) oder durch organische, mit Wasser mischbare Lösungsmittel erniedrigt wird. Hohe Konzentrationen an Na2SO4, KCl und auch MnSO4 verursachen Kettenabbruch. NaF, das als Komplexbildner wirkt, vermindert die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit, wogegen es die Ausbeute steigert.Wird während der Polymerisation in zeitlichen Abständen neuer Katalysator (KMnO4) zugesetzt, dann steigt sowohl die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit als auch die Ausbeute.
    Notes: The polymerization of acrylamide initiated by permanganate/oxalic acid redox pair has been studied in aqueous media at 35 ± 0.2°C in nitrogen atmosphere.The rate of polymerization is independent of activator (oxalic acid) concentration (0.75·10-3 to 7.5·10-3 mole/l.) except at very high (above 7.5·10-3 mole/l.) or very low (below 0.75·10-3 mole/l.) concentrations of the activator. The rate varies linearly at low monomer concentration. The catalyst exponent decreases from nearly unity to 0.65 with the increase in the concentration of catalyst (KMnO4) probably due to participation of primary radicals in the termination of the growing chain.The initial rate increases with increase in the polymerization temperature. The overall energy of activation has been found to be 11.97 Kcal/mole within the temperature range 25-50°C.Organic solvents (water miscible only) and salts (KCI, Na2SO4) depress the initial rate but small amounts of manganous salts (MnSO4) can increase the initial rate to a considerable extent. High concentration of salts (Na2SO4, KCl, and MnSO4) causes termination of the growing chain. A complexing agent, NaF, decreases the initial rate but the limiting conversion is increased.Introduction of new catalyst at intermediate stages of polymerization increases both the rate and the limiting conversion.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1972), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die mit Kaliumbromat/Thioharnstoff ausgelöste Redoxpolymerisation von Acrylamid in wäßrigen, sauren Medien bei 25 ± 0,2°C unter Stickstoffatmosphäre untersucht.Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist im Bereich von 0,75·10-2 bis 2,0·10-2 mol·l-1 von der 1. Potenz der Kaliumbromatkonzentration und im Bereich von 2,85·10-2 bis 8,55·10-2 mol·l-1 annähernd von der 1. Potenz der Chlorwasserstoffkonzentration abhängig. Von der Thioharnstoffkonzentration ist die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit jedoch unabhängig; im Bereich von 6,0·10-2 bis 10,0·10-2 mol·l-1 ist sie hingegen von der 1. Potenz der Konzentration des Monomeren abhängig. Im Bereich von 19 bis 35°C nimmt die Startgeschwindigkeit mit steigender Temperatur zu, der maximale Umsatz hingegen ab.Die gesamte Aktivierungsenergie beträgt im genannten Temperaturbereich 22,9 kcal·mol-1. Mit Wasser mischbare, organische Lösungsmittel sowie mono- und dibasische Salze haben dieselbe Wirkung, wie sie von MISRA et al. beobachtet wurde. Kationische und anionische Netzmittel erhöhen bzw. erniedrigen die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit (Rp), während neutrale Netzmittel keine Wirkung haben.
    Notes: The aqueous polymerization of acrylamide initiated by bromate/thiourea redox system has been studied in acidic media at 25 ± 0.2°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.The rate of polymerization has been found to vary with the first power of the potassium bromate concentration within the range 0.75·10-2 to 2.0·10-2 mole·1-1 and nearly with the first power of the hydrochloric acid concentration within the range 2.85·10-2 to 8.55·10-2 mole·1-1. However, the rate of polymerization is independent of the thiourea concentration, but varies with the first power of the monomer concentration within the range 6.0·10-2 to 10.0·10-2 mole·1-1. The initial rate increases but the maximum conversion decreases as the temperature increases within the range 19 to 35°C.The over all energy of activation has been found to be 22.9 kcal·mole-1 within the temperature range mentioned above. Water miscible organic solvents and mono- and dibasic salts show the same effect as given by MISRA et al. The effect of cationic and anionic surfactants has been found to increase and decrease the rate of polymerization (Rp) respectively, however non-ionic detergents have no effect on the (Rp).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 4 (1991), S. 667-674 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermodynamic proton ionization constants, TpKa, of several 4-acyl-substituted pyrazol-5-ones [acyl = trifluoroacetyl (HPMTFP), acetyl (HPMAP), hexanoyl (HPMHP)] were determined in various dioxane-water mixtures at 25 and 35 ± 0.1°C. The TpKa values were determined by glass-electrode potentiometry and refined by using the extensive weighted least-squares FORTRAN program TPKA. Both extrapolation and leastsquares methods were used to obtain TpKa values in pure water (0%). All three acyl derivatives are weak monoprotic acids with TpKa values between 2.5 and 3.9, following the order HPMTFP 〈 HPMAP ≤ HPMHP. The TpKa values do not vary linearly with the reciprocal of the dielectic constant of the medium; however, a plot of TpKa versus the mole fraction of dioxane, n2, is linear at a given temperature. Values of standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) changes associated with their protolytic equilibria were also calculated. Temperature, medium and substituent effects are briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 25 (1987), S. 595-605 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto wool initiated by ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN)-thioglycolic acid (TGA) redox couple has been studied at 55 ± 0.2°C under atmospheric oxygen. Grafted copolymer was characterized by IR spectroscopy, scanning electron micrographs, and thermogravimetric analysis. Effect of amines, acid, alkali, oxidizing, and reducing agents were determined experimentally. The molecular weights of grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) and homopolymer was also evaluated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 311 (1969), S. 187-189 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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