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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (11)
  • General Chemistry  (4)
  • Physics  (1)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (15)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 2047-2056 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polypropylene ; spherulite ; cocrystallization ; lamellae ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During spherulitic crystallization of polymers, there is a tendency for low molecular weight and other less crystallizable entities to be rejected from the body of the spherulites. This rejection process causes a segregation of these species to those areas where spherulites impinge. As a result of this segregation, lamellar and spherulite boundaries have a tendency to become weak, often resulting in premature mechanical failure. The objective of this work, anthropomorphically speaking, is to develop a melt miscible blend system in which a propylene copolymer “fools” a polypropylene homopolymer into rejecting the copolymer to the spherulite boundaries as an impurity. However, once the copolymer arrives at these boundaries, the copolymer subsequently connects adjacent spherulites through cocrystallization of the propylene copolymer segments. It was found that addition of either a random ethylene-propylene copolymer or an isotactic-atactic block copolymer was able to yield the desired effect. Cocrystallization was confirmed by calorimetry, and segregation of copolymer and subsequent reinforcement at the spherulite boundaries was directly observed microscopically. Using this approach, toughness was increased with little loss in stiffness. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2047-2056, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 39 (1998), S. 478-485 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; protein adsorption ; 2-D PAGE ; drug targeting ; colloidal drug carriers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Plasma protein adsorption patterns on colloidal drug carriers acquired after iv administration depend on their surface characteristics and are regarded as key factors for their in vivo organ distribution. Polymeric latex particles with strongly differing surface properties were synthesized as models for colloidal drug carriers for tissue-specific drug targeting via the intravenous route. Physicochemical characterization was performed for size, surface charge density, zeta potential, and surface hydrophobicity. The interactions with human plasma proteins were studied by way of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). Considerable differences in protein adsorption on the latex particles were detected with regard to the total amount of surface-bound protein on the various particle types as well as specific proteins adsorbed, for example, fibrinogen, albumin, and a recently identified plasma glycoprotein. Possible correlations between protein adsorption patterns and the physicochemical characteristics and topography of the polymeric surfaces are shown and discussed. Knowledge about protein-nanoparticle interactions can be utilized for the rational design of colloidal drug carriers and also may be useful for optimizing implants and medical devices. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 478-485, 1998.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 77 (1964), S. 90-113 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is shown that the ULLMANN-reaction for aromatic nitro-iodo compounds practically occurs quantitatively if iodine is located in the o-position to the nitro group.With a corresponding bifunctional compound, 4,4′-diiodo-3,3′-dinitrobiphenyl, the same reaction conditions yielded a nitrosubstituted p-polyphenylene, a bright yellow insoluble and infusible powder which decomposes at higher temperature (〉 250°C.). Based on the iodine content (end groups) an average degree of condensation of 52 was calculated; this corresponds to a p-phenylene chain of 104 benzene rings. The polymer is crystalline and has a long period of ca. 30 Å.The investigations of nitro substituted p-oligophenylenes were conducted primarily for the influence of nitro substitution on solubility. However, on the whole, nitro substitution rather decreases solubility, although in polar solvents e.g., nitro benzene or dimethyl-formamide considerable solubility increases could be observed. From these it appears reasonable that the nitro substituted p-polyphenylene described above is insoluble.For the synthesis of nitro substituted p-oligophenylenes the ULLMANN reaction proved to be very efficient. The iodine compounds needed as starting material were partially obtained by direct iodination with iodine liodic acid.
    Notes: Bei aromatischen Nitrojodverbindungen nimmt die ULLMANN-Reaktion unter verhältnismäßig milden Bedingungen einen praktisch quantitativen Verlauf, wenn sich das Jod in der o-Stellung zu einer Nitrogruppe befindet.Mit einer entsprechenden bifunktionellen Verbindung, dem 4,4′-Dijod-3,3′-dinitrobiphenyl, konnte unter den gleichen Bedingungen ein nitrosubstituiertes p-Polyphenylen erhalten werden, ein hellgelbes, unlösliches und unschmelzbares Pulver, das sich bei höherer Temperatur (〉 250°C) zersetzt. Auf Grund des Jodgehaltes (Endgruppen) wurde ein mittlerer Kondensationsgrad von 52 berechnet; das entspricht einer p-Phenylenkette aus 104 Benzolringen. Das Polymere ist kristallin und besitzt eine Langperiode von ca. 30 Å.Die Untersuchungen an nitrosubstituierten p-Oligophenylenen galten vor allem dem Einfluß der Nitrosubstitution auf die Löslichkeit. Im ganzen gesehen wirkt die Nitrosubstitution eher löslichkeitssenkend als -fördernd, wenn auch in polaren Lösungsmitteln wie Nitrobenzol oder Dimethylformamid beachtenswerte relative Löslichkeitssteigerungen zu beobachten sind. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse lassen es verständlich erscheinen, daß das beschriebene nitrosubstituierte p-Polyphenylen unlöslich ist.Für die Synthese der nitrosubstituierten p-Oligophenylene bewährte sich vor allem die ULLMANN-Reaktion. Die als Ausgangsprodukte benötigten Jodverbindungen konnten z. T. durch direkte Jodierung mit Jod/Jodsäure erhalten werden.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 57 (1944), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 5 (1966), S. 653-662 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Fermentation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of organic substances with the aid of the enzyme systems of micoorganisms has become competitive as a result of recent progress in the technology of fermentation. The relatively high cost of apparatus and the lower production capacity of microbiological plants in relation to the plants used in purely chemical processes are offset in many cases by the advantages of biological methods (reactions at conventionally inactive positions in the molecule, stereospecific substitutions, coupling of several reactions, mild reaction conditions, possible use of waste products).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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