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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (877)
  • 1970-1974  (827)
  • 1950-1954  (50)
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 10 (1972), S. 3253-3265 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparative analysis of photoinitiation and electroinitiation can help elucidate initiation processes in donor-acceptor charge-transfer copolymerization. The technique has been applied to the zinc bromide-catalyzed copolymerization of styrene and diethyl fumarate in methanol. The photocopolymer product was analyzed by GPC, NMR, and elemental analysis. The results showed that 1:1 copolymers were formed initially, but changes occurred in both the kinetics and products after the early stages of the reaction. Significant correlations found between the two initiation methods included the initial kinetic order with respect to the initiating process and the effect on product yield of equivalent increases in total initiation energy. The limiting value of zinc bromide for both initiation methods was found to be the same. The data obtained support the contention that the copolymerization proceeds through a donor-acceptor process and that photoactivation of the preformed complex, inducing electron transfer, is a likely initiation process.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 10 (1972), S. 3267-3277 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electroinitiated preparation of equimolar copolymers of styrene and diethyl fumarate is described. The reaction medium consisted of these monomers dissolved in a methanol-zinc bromide solution. Rates of polymerization increased with increasing applied current and the copolymer yield increased linearly with the total number of Faradays transferred. The copolymer composition is 1:1 and is essentially invariant with the degree of conversion (〈15%), electroinitiation rate, and monomer feed ratios. A reaction mechanism involving donor-acceptor complexes and electroinitiated excitation of these complexes at the electrode is postulated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 24 (1973), S. 684-691 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Atmospheric corrosion of iron with periodic moisteningPeriodic moistening has a considerable bearing on the model of the corrosion of iron. The frequency of condensation is much more important than the duration of the existence of a condensed layer. Immediately upon condensation a steep increase of the corrosion rate is found. These periods of condensation thus control the rate and the intensity of the attack. The results of measurements concerning the dependence on time, and of radiochemical experiments (concerning the behaviour of sulphate ions) allow the conclusion that condensation intervenes in the reaction system and affects the availability of sulphate ions at the interphase as well as the function of water. In this context the difference between adsorbed and condensed aqueous layers should be taken into consideration. It is suggested to develop a numerical index allowing the duration of accelerated corrosion to be determined in terms of the frequency of condensations.
    Notes: Periodische Befeuchtungen beeinflussen das Modell der Eisenkorrosion beträchtlich. Dabei ist die Häufigkeit der Kondensationen wesentlich einflußreicher als die Dauer der Existenz einer kondensierten Schicht. Unmittelbar nach der Kondensation ist ein starker Anstieg der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit festzustellen. Diese Kondensationsperioden bestimmen daher die Geschwindigkeit und die Stärke des Angriffs. Auf der Grundlage der Messungen über die Zeitabhängigkeit und auf der Basis von radiochemischen Untersuchungen (über das Verhalten der Sulfationen) kann man schließen, daß die Kondensation in das Reaktionssystem eingreift, und zwar hinsichtlich der Verfügbarkeit der Sulfationen an der Grenzfläche und hinsichtlich der Funktion des Wassers. Dabei ist auch der Unterschied zwischen adsorbierten und kondensierten Wasserschichten zu berücksichtigen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, eine Indexzahl zu entwickeln, welche die Bestimmung der Dauer der beschleunigten Korrosion in Abhängigkeit von der Häufigkeit der Kondensation ermöglicht.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 32 (1973), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die physikalischen Eigenschaften von mit Methylmethacrylat und Methylacrylat in Stickstoffatmosphäre bei 60 °C unter Verwendung von Cerionen als Initiator gepfropftem Nylon-6-Garn wurden mit den Eigenschaften des Ausgangsgarns verglichen. Mit zunehmendem Pfropfungsgrad wurde eine höhere Dichte, geringeres Feuchtigkeitshaltevermögen und geringere Doppelbrechung festgestellt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften wurden beträchtlich herabgesetzt. Bei den dynamischen Eigenschaften ergab sich eine höhere mechanische Dämpfung und vermindertes elastisches Verhalten. Die Anfärbbarkeit war ebenfalls herabgesetzt.
    Notes: The physical properties of nylon 6 yarn grafted with methylmethacrylate and methylacrylate in nitrogen atmosphere using ceric ion as initiator at a temperature of 60 °C have been compared with those of ether extracted and initiator treated parent yarn. With an increase in graft-on percentage an increase in density, decrease in moisture regain and birefringence was observed. The mechanical properties were impaired considerably. The dynamic mechanical properties results indicated increase in mechanical damping and reduction in elastic behaviour as a consequence of graft copolymerization. The dye uptake was also found to be decreased in these grafted samples.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 32 (1973), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Nylon-6 wurde mit Methylmethacrylat und Methylacrylat unter Verwendung von Cer-Ionen/Schwefelsäure als Initiator gepfropft. Proben mit verschiedenem Pfropfungsgrad wurden durch Variation der Reaktionsbedingungen hergestellt. Die thermische stabilität dieser gepfropften Produkte wurde im Vergleich zum Ausgangsnylon durch dynamische Thermogravimetry untersucht; danach nimmt die thermische Stabilität als Folge der Pfropfung ab.
    Notes: Nylon 6, 20 denier, monofilaments were grafted with methylmethacrylate and methylacrylate using ceric ion/sulphuric acid as initiator. Grafted nylon samples with different % graft-on were prepared by varying the reaction conditions. The thermal stabilities of these grafted samples were compared with parent nylon using dynamic thermogravimetry in air at a heating rate of 6 °C/min up to a temperature of 550 °C. The initial decomposition temperature (IDT) integral procedureal decomposition temperature (IPDT) and activation energy (E) values indicated that thermal stability decreased as a result of grafting.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 32 (1973), S. 61-80 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The residual stability of a PVC-compound, stabilized by a solid stabilizing agent, was measured by degradation experiments in bulk under pure nitrogen at 180°C. Several samples of different processing times were prepared by thermomechanical treatment on an extruder. Investigations of the residual stability showed an increasing tendency after the first runs, and then a decrease in stability. The same experiments were performed with a plasticized PVC-compound. Instead of an increase of the residual stability in the beginning of the thermomechanical treatment, a continuous decrease was observed. The same result was found by application of a liquid stabilizing agent to unplasticized PVC.Thus, maximum initial stability is found in the case of plasticized PVC and with liquid stabilizers in unplasticized PVC. In contrast to this result maximum initial stability of PVC, stabilized by a solid stabilizer, was obtained only after several runs on the extruder. This phenomenon can be attributed to a better homogeneity of the stabilizer and the polymer, which is effected by gelation of the PVC by the thermomechanical treatment on the extruder.If the investigation of the residual stability is measured after each run by degradation in a solution of ethylbenzoate the nonplasticized PVC-compound shows maximum stability at the beginning of the experiment. This result leads to the conclusion that the stability of a PVC-compound does not only depend either on the kind or on the amount of the applied stabilizer. To ensure the optimal efficiency of the utilized amount of stabilizer it is necessary to secure a maximum of homogeneity between stabilizer and polymer from the very beginning. Therefore it is of great importance t o the estimation of the residual stability of a PVC-compound after processing to make sure of maximum homogeneity between stabilizer and polymer.
    Notes: Die Reststabilität (gemessen in Substanz unter Stickstoff bei 180°C) eines mit einem festen Stabilisator stabilisierten PVC-Compounds nimmt nach der ersten thermomechanischen Belastung auf einem Extruder zunächst zu und dann nach längeren Verarbeitungszeiten wieder ab. Fährt man die gleichen Untersuchungen an einem Weich-PVC-Compound durch, dann beobachtet man von Anfang an eine kontinuierliche Abnahme der Stabilität mit zunehmender thermomechanischer Belastung auf dem Extruder. Der gleiche Effekt tritt auch mit einem flüssigen Stabilisator in Hart-PVC ein.Bei Weich-PVC und bei dem mit einem flüssigen Stabilisator stabilisierten Hart-PVC besitzen danach die Ausgangsmischungen die größte Stabilität. Bei Hart-PVC wird die maximale Stabilität erst nach längerer Verweilzeit auf dem Extruder erreicht. Dieses Phänomen wird auf die Homogenisierung der Mischung aus Stabilisator und Polymerem zurückgeführt, die durch das Angelieren des PVC durch die thermomechanische Belastung im Extruder hervorgerufen wird.Bestimmt man die Reststabilität nach jedem Verarbeitungsvorgang durch Abbauuntersuchungen in Löung dann ziegt auch beim Hart-PVC-Compound die Ausgangsmischung die größte Stabilität. Dieses Ergebnis stützt den Schluß, daß die Stabilität eines PVC-Compounds keineswegs nur von der Art oder der Menge des eingesetzten Stabilisators abhängt. Um eine maximale Wirksamkeit der eingesetzten Stabilisatormenge zu erreichen, muß von Anfang an eine möglichst homogene Mischung zwischen PVC und Stabilisator angestrebt werden. Bei der Beurteilung der Restatabilität eines PVC-Compounds nach der Verarbeitung ist daher die Homogenität der Ausgangsmischung von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 40 (1974), S. 423-443 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since a few years the development of carbon fibres from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is concentrated in particular on improvements of the stabilization stage, i.e. of the early stage of the thermal degradation of PAN.The chemical and physical changes of PAN in the temperature range from 150 to 350°C influencing the properties of carbon fibres are discussed. According to the complex reaction process there exists a variety of possible technical procedures. In conformity with the actual knowledge it may be advantageous to substitute the usual stabilization treatment of PAN in air by a catalytic treatment in fluid reaction mediums. Nitroaromatic compounds in the presence of SnCI4 adducts are most suited for this purpose. In this way a remarkable shortening of the stabilization time is realized without diminishing the quality of the resulting carbon fibres.
    Notes: Die Entwicklung von Kohlenstoff-Fasern aus Polyacrylnitril (PAN) konzentriert sich seit einigen Jahren insbesondere auf Verfahrensverbesserungen der sog. Stabilisierungsstufe, d. h. auf das Frühstadium des thermischen Abbaus von PAN.Es werden die chemischen und physikalischen Veränderungen des PAN im Temperaturbereich zwischen 150 und 350°C diskutiert, die die Endeigenschaften der Kohlenstoff-Fasern wesentlich bestimmen. Aufgrund des komplexen Reaktionsgeschehens ist der Stand der Technik durch eine Vielfalt von möglichen Verfahrensvarianten gekennzeichnet. Nach dem heutigen Wissensstand ist es naheliegend, die herkömmliche Stabilisierungsbehandlung des PAN in Luft durch eine katalytisch beschleunigte Behandlung in flüssigen Reaktionsmedien zu ersetzen. Für eine solche Behandlung eignen sich insbesondere Nitroaromaten in Gegenwart von SnCl4-Addukten. Dadurch wird eine erhebliche Verkürzung der Stabilisierungszeit ohne nachteilige Qualitätseinbußen bei den resultierenden Kohlenstoff-Fasern erzielt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The phase structure of a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (mol. wt. 21 000-98 0000- 21 000) film cast from tetrahydrofuran/methyl ethyl ketone is studied by light scattering. The scattered intensity I corresponding to Vv, Hv, Vh, and Hh polarization directions is measured as a function of scattering angle. From the In I vs sin2 (θ/2) plots the domain sizes are found to be about 0.4 and 1.0 μ. The a values are independent of polarization directions. This proves that the domains are geometrically isotropic. The two sizes correspond to two correlation distances; the smaller value represents the extent of heterogeneity within a spherical domain and the larger valued the inter-domain separation distance.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 11 (1953), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For a particular sample of polystyrene, different osmometric estimates of Mn have been reported. The possibility that the difference is due, in the one case, to permeation of the membrane by low molecular weight polymer has been carefully considered. It is shown that this can not be the explanation. The difference is in some way associated with chemical differences in the membranes used. Apart from these considerations of error, the significance of the number-average molecular weights of the unfractionated polymers of commerce is shown to be more acutely dependent upon the detail of the low molecular weight end of the distribution than may be realized. The present calculations are based upon a realistic estimate of the low molecular weight polymer content of commercial polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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